61 Oleo-Furan Sulfonates
Fabric wetting kinetic tests of the surfactants was tested according to ASTM D2281-10.
The tests took place inside a 500 mL graduated cylinder using a solution with a surfactant
concentration of 0.25 wt%. Testing did not begin until all the bubbles below the surface
had risen to the top. A skein was twisted into a figure eight and the top and bottom where
hooked. The top of the skein loop was cut with scissors and the skein was drawn through
the fingers in order to be compacted. Time measurements began when the skein and anchor
were released into the solution. Once the skein lost buoyancy and sank, the time was
stopped.
Hard water tolerance of surfactants was determined by preparing a 0.5 wt% solution of
each surfactant and titrating with a calcium chloride solution. If a precipitate formed after
titrant was added, the surfactant solution was allowed to mix for a minute to determine if
the solid re-dissolved. The calcium chloride concentration at which a persisting precipitate
formed was indicated as the hard water tolerance of the test surfactant.
Zein testing of surfactants to approximate dermal irritation were performed by adding 1 g
of Zein to 50 mL of a 0.5 wt% surfactant solution with a magnetic stir bar and stirring the
mixture at ambient temperature for 1 hour at 300 rpm. After this time, the insoluble Zein
remaining was filtered and dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 40°C. The mass of dried
insoluble Zein was used to calculate the percent Zein remaining compared to the starting
amount.
FORMULATION PROPERTY TESTING AND PERFORMANCE REVIEW
Formulation Preparation. To assure minimal water content, OFS surfactant, salt, and all
cosurfactants purchased and used as powders were dried in a vacuum over at 40°C for
24 hours prior to use. Liquid formulations featuring OFS were prepared according to the
following procedure.
The OFS surfactant, selected cosurfactant or emollient, and salt were combined in the desired
ratio, then added to water to achieve the target total surfactant loading. These ingredients
were agitated using a Vortex Genie-2T mixer to dissolve and provide a clear solution. If
needed, applying heating in the range of 30-40°C was found to hasten dissolving for higher
surfactant volumes. Next, ingredients to improve texture and skin conditioning properties
were added to the solution, such as aloe vera and hydroxypropyl starch. A hazy appearance
was noted with addition of some additives and emollients such as hydroxypropyl starch
for ingredient combinations deemed compatible in this report, this was observed to be a
stable suspension, and did not result in phase separation or formation of an inhomogeneous
precipitate. Preservatives, typically comprised of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate,
were then added, with heating in the range of 30°C–40°C for up to 30 minutes as needed
to dissolve. The resulting solution was adjusted to the target pH between 4 and 6 with
addition of citric acid depending on the intended product format formulations intended for
use as body wash were adjusted to pH 4.5. Solid format (powder) formulations were prepared
using the same order of addition as was followed for the liquid format formulations, with the
omission of water in the preparation process. The combined solid ingredients were blended
together in a food processor and either hydrated directly for product testing or loaded into a
sachet, which was subsequently heat sealed to minimize moisture accumulation.
Viscosity measurements of formulations featuring OFS surfactants were measured with
a Brookfield Ametek rotational viscometer (DVEELVTJ0) equipped with a LV-1 spindle
Fabric wetting kinetic tests of the surfactants was tested according to ASTM D2281-10.
The tests took place inside a 500 mL graduated cylinder using a solution with a surfactant
concentration of 0.25 wt%. Testing did not begin until all the bubbles below the surface
had risen to the top. A skein was twisted into a figure eight and the top and bottom where
hooked. The top of the skein loop was cut with scissors and the skein was drawn through
the fingers in order to be compacted. Time measurements began when the skein and anchor
were released into the solution. Once the skein lost buoyancy and sank, the time was
stopped.
Hard water tolerance of surfactants was determined by preparing a 0.5 wt% solution of
each surfactant and titrating with a calcium chloride solution. If a precipitate formed after
titrant was added, the surfactant solution was allowed to mix for a minute to determine if
the solid re-dissolved. The calcium chloride concentration at which a persisting precipitate
formed was indicated as the hard water tolerance of the test surfactant.
Zein testing of surfactants to approximate dermal irritation were performed by adding 1 g
of Zein to 50 mL of a 0.5 wt% surfactant solution with a magnetic stir bar and stirring the
mixture at ambient temperature for 1 hour at 300 rpm. After this time, the insoluble Zein
remaining was filtered and dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 40°C. The mass of dried
insoluble Zein was used to calculate the percent Zein remaining compared to the starting
amount.
FORMULATION PROPERTY TESTING AND PERFORMANCE REVIEW
Formulation Preparation. To assure minimal water content, OFS surfactant, salt, and all
cosurfactants purchased and used as powders were dried in a vacuum over at 40°C for
24 hours prior to use. Liquid formulations featuring OFS were prepared according to the
following procedure.
The OFS surfactant, selected cosurfactant or emollient, and salt were combined in the desired
ratio, then added to water to achieve the target total surfactant loading. These ingredients
were agitated using a Vortex Genie-2T mixer to dissolve and provide a clear solution. If
needed, applying heating in the range of 30-40°C was found to hasten dissolving for higher
surfactant volumes. Next, ingredients to improve texture and skin conditioning properties
were added to the solution, such as aloe vera and hydroxypropyl starch. A hazy appearance
was noted with addition of some additives and emollients such as hydroxypropyl starch
for ingredient combinations deemed compatible in this report, this was observed to be a
stable suspension, and did not result in phase separation or formation of an inhomogeneous
precipitate. Preservatives, typically comprised of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate,
were then added, with heating in the range of 30°C–40°C for up to 30 minutes as needed
to dissolve. The resulting solution was adjusted to the target pH between 4 and 6 with
addition of citric acid depending on the intended product format formulations intended for
use as body wash were adjusted to pH 4.5. Solid format (powder) formulations were prepared
using the same order of addition as was followed for the liquid format formulations, with the
omission of water in the preparation process. The combined solid ingredients were blended
together in a food processor and either hydrated directly for product testing or loaded into a
sachet, which was subsequently heat sealed to minimize moisture accumulation.
Viscosity measurements of formulations featuring OFS surfactants were measured with
a Brookfield Ametek rotational viscometer (DVEELVTJ0) equipped with a LV-1 spindle
