I•LUID MIXING OF COSMETIC FORMULATIONS 333 Figure 1.--Typical mixing operation. C. 2. Gas-liquid, which normally involves either gas absorption or gas-stripping. 3. Liquid-solid contacting which includes the suspension of solids for proper chemical reaction, or production of intimate dispersion of solids and liquids. Three-phase systems 1. Liquid-liquid-solid, in which solids must be dispersed in a liquid-liquid emulsion. 2. Gas-liquid solids, in which gas-liquid absorption is carried out in the presence of a solid catalyst or reactant. G•mv.^u M•x•rc T•ov.¾ Baffles Tanks may be classified as baffled or unbaffled in terms of their general

334 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS Figure 2.--Unbaffled flow pattern, turbine type mixer. over-all fluid flow characteristics. A baffled tank has the following charac- teristics: 1. Top-to-bottom turnover with complete intermixing of all fluid streams throughout the entire vessel. 2. The absence of a vortex through which air is drawn down into the fluid. 3. The absence of a swirling flow pattern as contrasted to top-to- bottom turnover. In most mixing cases, a baffled flow pattern is desirable. There are times, however, when it is desirable to draw down powders from the surface or introduce gas from the surface, then an unbaffled flow pattern is useful.

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