70 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS methods of testing deodorants will become evident as a result of com- parisons of the data in Tables 3 and 3-A with the experimental results summarized in Chart VI. The find- ings in the tests of aluminum sulfate by in-vitro techniques, as presented in Table 3, pointed to the conclusion that, although this anhydrous salt of aluminum, in concentrations of 1.5 per cent or more in perspiration, reduced the bacterial populations by more than 99 per cent, it was a rela- tively ineffective deodorant. On the other hand, applications of an- hydrous aluminum sulfate in a cream base to cutaneous areas of the axillas of human subjects not only effected substantial reductions in bacterial populations of skins but it proved to be an efficient deodoriz- ing agent and inhibitor of develop- ment of' perspiratory odors. The most significant variable between the in-vitro tests of Table 3 and the in-vivo tests of Chart VI was the fact that the former methods of testing eliminated the contribution of the antipirspirant actions of the deodorant effects of aluminum sul- fate. In view of the fact that topi- cal applications of this compound in a cream base gave a mean reduction of 75 per cent in amounts of perspira- tion on surfaces of skins of the subjects' axillas it appears prob- able that the deodorant effects of aluminum sulfate, as represented in Chart VI, were resultants of both its antiperspirant and antibacterial ac- tions on skin. An alternate experimental pro- cedure which has been adopted pri- marily in tests of antiperspi•'ants, intended for use under the arms, utilizes one axilla of each subject as a control area of skin and the op- posite axilla as a test area to which the product under test is applied. A review of the experimental evidence in support of the validity of these comparisons was presented by the author to this Society in 1950. However, in investigations directed to evaluations of both the antiper- spirant and deodorant actions of underarm preparations, experiences in the author's laboratory have indi- cated the advisability of utilizing the technique which has been de- scribed for the experiments of Chart VI. The outstanding advantage of the latter method is the fact that the use of the sum of the cutaneous sur- faces of the two axillas of a subject, as test areas of skin, makes available larger volumes of perspiration for determinations of odor values and, also, it doubles the area of cutaneous surfaces from which direct cultures of skin micro-•rganisms may be made. Eradications of obnoxious odors originating in pathological processes, notably in purulent infections in human subjects, have been reported by several clinicians (35, 36, and 37) within recent years. In all of these clinical trials, therapeutic prepara- tions of relatively high purity were applied locally by techniques which assured direct contacts of the chloro- phyllins with the sources of the odors. These clinical findings are in agreement with the results of the in- vitro tests of water-soluble chloro-

TESTING DEODORANTS WITH CHLOROPHYLL AND DERIVATIVES 71 phyllins which are reported in Ta- bles 3, 3-A, 4, 5, and 6. In contrast with these reports of direct deodorizing actions of water- solublk chlorophyllins, Westcott (38) and Montgomery and Nachtigall (39) have concluded, from observa- tions on average normal subjects and a small group of ambulant pa- tients, representing a variety of pathological states, that the oral administration of preparations con- taining a water-insoluble acid digest of chlorophyll reduces or eliminates body odors. From descriptions of their methods of evaluations of body odors and, also, from their tabulated and charted data, it is evident that both Westcott and Montgomery were measuring odors detectable on subjects' skins.' If it be assumed that the method of measurement of cutaneous odors through an osmoscope, which these authors had used either by direct applications to the skin's surface or by insertions into axillary fossas, were capable of yielding reliable, quantitative indices of odors, their findings would have included resid- ual perspiratory odors. An obvi- ous corollary of this conclusion would be the inference that the oral administration of the water-insol- uble and acid-insoluble chlorophyll derivative inhibited the metabolic activities of bacteria on the skin's surface. However, the results of the final series of experiments which are summarized in Charts VII and VIII indicate definitely that the daily in- gestion of water-soluble chlorophyl- lins "a" and "b," which in in-vitro tests had shown effective deodoriz- ing actions, failed to influence the capacities of samples of perspiration to develop offensive odors. In both charts, odor values of per- spiration have been plotted as ac- tual dilutions with air rather than either as pO values or as percent- age changes from control levels in order to demonstrate, without the necessity of recalculations, the mag- nitudes of day to day variations in intensities of perspiratory odors. For the seven days during which the preparation of water-soluble chlorophyllins were not adminis- tered, i.e., the five days of the first and the two days of the second con- trol periods, the mean of intensities of odors of stored samples of perspi- ration which had been collected from 15 subjects was 50.l in terms of dilu- tions with air. The comparable mean result for the five days of ad- ministration of the preparation con- taining the water-soluble chloro- phyllins was 52.8 in terms of dilu- tions with air. For the entire group of 15 subjects, the mean of all day to day variations throughout the twelve days during which samples of perspiration were collected and analyzed was 4-8.6 per cent of the mean result for any one subject throughout the experimental period. In view of this narrow range of di- urnal variations, it is evident that the capacities of samples of perspira- tion collected from the subjects during days of ingestion of the prep- aration of water-soluble chlorophyl- lins did not vary significantly from