416 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) R. B. Stroughton and W. F. Fritsch, Influence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on human percuta- neous absorption, Arch. Dermatol., 90, 512-517 (1964). R. J. Feldmann and H. I. Maibach, Percutaneous penetration of steroids in man, J. Invest. Dermatol., 52, 89-94 (1969). R.J. Feldmann and H. I. Maibach, Absorption of some organic compounds through the skin in man, J. Invest. Dermatol., 54, 399-404 (1970). H. Schaefer, G. Stiittgen, A. Zesch, W. Schalla, and J. Gazith, "Quantitative Determination of Percutaneous Absorption of Radiolabelled Drugs In Vitro and In Vivo in Human Skin," in Current Problems in Dermatology, J. W. H. Mali and S. Karger, Eds. (Basel, 1978), pp. 80-94. J. E. Treherne, Permeability of skin to some electrolytes, J. Physiol., 13, 171-180 (1956). R. J. Scheuplein, Mechanism of percutaneous absorption: II. Transient diffusion and relative impor- tance of various routes of skin absorption, J. Invest. Dermatol., 48, 79-88 (1967). R. J. Scheuplein and L. W. Ross, Mechanism of percutaneous absorption of solvents deposited solids, J. Invest. Dermatol., 62, 353-360 (1974). E. Skog and J. E. Wahlberg, A comparative investigation of the percutaneous absorption of lethal compounds in the guinea pig by means of the radioactive isotopes 5•Cr, 58Co, 65Zn, •ømAg, •5mCd, 2ø3Hg, J. Invest. Dermatol., 43, 187-192 (1964). N. V. Sheth, M. B. Keough, and S. L. Spruance, Measurement of the stratum corneum drug reser- voir to predict the therapeutic efficacy of topical iododeoxyuridine for herpes simplex virus infection. Annual meeting of the American Federation of Clinical Research, Washington DC (May 1986). S. Rothman, Physiology and Biochemistry of the Skin (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1954). M. Bart, Percutaneous absorption, J. Pharm. Sci., 51, 395-408 (1962). B. Idson, Biophysical factors in skin penetration, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 22, 615-620 (1971). B. Idson, Percutaneous absorption, J. Pharm. Sci., 64, 901-924 (1975). E. Schutz, Der Einflub von poly&hylenglycol 400 auf die percutane resorption von wirkstoffen, Archiv fur Experimentale Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 232, 237-240 (1957). I. H. Blank and R. J. Scheuplein, "The Epidermal Barrier," in Progress in Biological Sciences in Relation to Dermatology, 2nd ed., A. Rook and R. H. Champion, Eds. (Cambridge University Press, Cam- bridge, 1964), pp. 245-261. W. B. Shelley and F. M. Melton, Factors accelerating the penetration of histamine through normal intact skin, J. Invest. Dermatol., 13, 61-64 (1949). R. J. Scheuplein, "Site Variation in Diffusion and Permeability," in Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Skin, Jarret, Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1979), pp. 1731-1752. B. W. Barry, "Dermatological Formulations: Percutaneous Absorption," in Drugs and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 18, J. Swarbrick, Ed. (M. Dekker, New York and Basel, 1983). R. J. Feldmann and H. I. Maibach, Regional variations in percutaneous penetration of •4C cortisol in man, J. Invest. Dermatol., 48, 181- 183 (1967). H. I. Maibach, R. J. Feldmann, T. H. Milby, and W. F. Serat, Regional variations in percutaneous penetration in man, Arch. Environ. Health, 23, 208-21 l (1971). R. C. Wester, H. I. Maibach, D. A. Bucks, and M. B. Aufrere, In vivo percutaneous absorption of paraquat from hand, leg and forearm of humans, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health., 14, 759-762 (1984). R. L. Bronaugh, R. F. Stewart, E. R. Congdon, and A. L. Giles, Methods for in vitro percutaneous absorption studies. I. Comparison with in vivo results. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 62, 474-480 (1982). J. W. Bridges, W. R. French, R. L. Smith, and R. T. Williams, The fate of benzoic acid in various species, Blochem. J., 118, 47-51 (1970). A. Benfenati and F. Brillanti, Sulla distribuzione delle ghiandole sebacee nella cute del corpo umano. Archivo Italiano de Dermatologia, Vol. XV(1), 33-42 (1939). G. Szabo, "The Regional Frequency and Distribution of Hair Follicles in Human Skin," in The Biology of Hair Growth, W. Montagna and R. A. Ellis, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1958), pp. 33-38. H. O. Calvery, J. H. Draize, and E. P. Lang, Metabolism and permeability of normal skin, Physiol. Rev., 26, 495-540 (1946). H. I. Blank and E. Gould, Penetration of anionic surfactants into the skin. II. Study of mechanisms which impede the penetration of synthetic anionic surfactants into skin, J. Invest. Dermatol., 37, 311-315 (1961). J. E. Shaw, S. K. Chandrasekaran, A. S. Michaels, and L. Taskovitch, "Controlled Transdermal

PREDICTING PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION 417 Delivery, In Vitro and In Vivo," in Animal Models in Human Dermatology, H. I. Maibach, Ed. (Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh and London, 1975), pp. 136-146. (39) J. E. Shaw, S. K. Chandrasekaran, P.S. Campbell, and L. G. Schmitt, "New Procedures for Evalu- ating Cutaneous Absorption," in Cutaneous Toxicity, V. A. Drill and P. Lazar, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1977) pp. 83-94. (40) L. Taskovitch and J. E. Shaw, Regional differences in morphology of human skin. Correlation with variations in drug permeability, J. Invest. Dermatol., 70, 217 (1978).