158 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS Again the hair loss is reversible. The histologic and histochemical features of these conditions are unknown. The most likely assumption is that these anticoagulants act as competitive inhibitors of the natural mucopolysac- charides, thus preventing the synthesis of keratin. 3. •llopecia mucinosa This rare type of hair loss was discovered by Pinkus in 1957 (31). It is characterized by the accumulation of mucous material in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Under the name "mucophanerosis seboglandularis et intrafollicularis," it was later described by Braun-Falco (32) who dis- tinguished two varieties the "idiopathic" kind (i.e. of unknown origin) and a type associated with various other skin diseases. In summary, there is strong evidence in favor of the assumption that mucopolysaccharides are essential for the synthesis of keratin. It is premature to decide whether they act as "building stones, .... precursors" or as "donors of active sulfur" (33). SUMMA RY Mucopolysaccharides occur in a variety of epidermal structures, especi- ally during intense proliferation. Their presence has been demonstrated with histochemical and direct chemical methods. Experimental and clin- ical studies indicate that these compounds are probably essential for the synthesis of normal keratin. Hair loss from excessive intake of vitamin A, from heparin and heparinoids and in the condition called alopecia mucinosa, may be due to disturbances in the hypothetical mucopolysaccharide-ker.atin metabolic chain. ztcknow/edgment: The assistance of the Chesebrough-Pond's Inc. is gratefully acknowledged. ADDENDUM After completion of this manuscript, Hirsch and Helwig presented his- tochemical and physicochemical studies on an epidermal tumor, called syringochondroma, where the epidermal cells produce a metachromatic material which is transformed into cartilage (z/re. ztcad. DermatoL, Dec., 1958). Our own recent work suggests that in pathologic horny layers a highly resistant mucopolysaccharide complex is retained in the scales. REFERENCES (1) Flesch, P., 7. Invest. Dermato/., 31, 63 (1958). (2) Rothman, S., "Handbuch d. Haut-u. Geschlechtskrkh.," Vol. I./2 Berlin, Julius Springer Publisher (1929), pp. 162-163. (3) Wislocki, G. B., Bunting, H., and Dempsey, E. W., vim. 5 t. vinat., 81, 1 (1947). (4) Braun-Falco, O., virch. Dermatol. u. Syphilis, 198, 111 (1954). (5) Sylvan, B., and Mahngreen, H., Lab. 2rnvest., 1,413 (1952). (6) Holmgren, Hi., yahrb. Morphol. rnikroskop. vinat., 47, 489 (1940). (7) Sylvgn, B., Klin. F•ochschr., 17, 154 (1938).

THE COSMETIC ARTS IN ANCIENT EGYPT 159 (8) Sylvan, B., ,4cta Radiol., 32, 11 (1949). (9) Montagna, W., Chase, H. B., and Melaragno, H. P., 7. Nat. CancerInst., 12, 591 (1951). (9a) Goltz, R. W., Fusaro, R. M., and Jarvis, j., 7. Invest. Dermatol., 31, 183 (1958). See also: Cawley, E. P., Lupton, C. H., Wheeler, C. E., and McManus, C., ,4. M. ,4. drch. Dermatol., 76, 537 (1957). (10) Braun-Falco, O., and Weber, G., `4rch. klin. u. exptl. Dermatol., 207, 459 (1958). (11) Weber, G., and Braun-Falco, O., Dermatol. 14/ochschr., 138, 789 (1958). (12) Allegra, F., drch. ital. dermatol. siftlog. e venereol., 28, 36 (1956). (13) Roe, D. A.,dnn. N.Y. ,4cad. Sci., 73, 977 (1958). (14) Roe, D. A., personal communication. (15) Flesch, P., and Esoda, E. C. J., to be published. (16) Jirka, M., and Kotas, J., Clin. Chim. ,4cta, 2, 292 (1957). (17) Meyer, K., Physiol. Revs., 27, 335 (1947). (18) Flesch, P., Proc. Sci. Sect. Toilet Goods dssoc., No. 29, 27, June (1958). (19) Sylvbn, B., Exptl. Cell Research, 1, 582 (1950). (20) Hale, W. H., and Garrigus, U.S., 5•. ,4nimal Sci., 12, 492 (1953). Quoted by Ryder, M. L., in Montagna, W., and Ellis, R. A., "The Biology of Hair Growth," New York Academic Press, Inc. (1958), p. 324. (21) Montagna, W., and Hill, C. R., ,4nat. Record, 127, 163 (1957). (22) Oliver, T. K., ,4. M. ,4. 7. Diseases Children, 95, 57 (1958). (23) Fell, H. B., and Mellanby, E., 7. Physiol., 119, 470 (1953). Fell, H. B., Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), B146, 242 (1957). (24) Weiss, P., and James, R., Exptl. Cell Research, Suppl., 3, 381 (1955). (24a) Lasnitzki, I., and Greenberg, R., personal communication. (25) Studer, A., and Frey, J. R., Schweiz. med. 14/ochschr., 79, 382 (1949). (26) Dziewiatkowski, D. D., 7. Exptl. Med., 100, 11 (1954). (27) Sanz, F., Astudillo, M.D., Alonso, M. E., and Valdecantos, A., drch. inst. farmacol. exptl., 8, 49 (1955). Quoted by Chem. `4bstr., 50, 17055 (1956). (2•) Flesch, P., in Rothman, S., "Physiolcgy and Biochemistry of the Skin," Chicago, Uni- versity of Chicago Press (1954), p. 634. (29) Thomaschek, G., Deut. med. 14/ochschr., 79, 41 (1954). (30) Tudhope, G. R., Cohen, H., and Meikle, R. W., Brit. Med. 7., No. 5078, 1034 (1958). (31) Pinkus, H., `4. M. ,4. ,4rch. Dermatol., 76, 419 (1957). (32) Braun-Falco, O., Dermatol. 14/ochschr., 136, 1289 (1957). (33) Lipmann, F., Scier•ce, 128, 575 (1958). THE COSMETIC ARTS IN ANCIENT EGYPT By GEORGE R. HUGHES* Presented ]une 72, 7956, Chicago Chapter SINCE I DO NOT know very much about cosmetics either ancient or modern, I was initially somewhat appalled at the prospect of learning enough to impart anything of interest and value to you, a group of special- ists in cosmetic chemistry. To find out what confines the words "cosmetic" and "chemistry" when put together placed upon me in view of the material available from ancient Egypt, I looked up the words in the dictionary. They are interesting words with a long and honorable history. "Cosmetic" derives from the Greek kosm^tikos meaning "having power to arrange, skilled in decorating," and the adjective in turn derives from * Associate Professor of Egyptology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., Field Director of Epigraphic Survey, Luxor, Egypt.