2006 ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC SEMINAR 433 GREEN CHEMISTRY AND SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS DESIGN John C. Warner, Ph.D. Center for Green Chemistry) University of Massachusetts Lowell) 1 University Avenue) Lowell, MA 01854 john_warner@uml.edu Recent developments in materials design have demonstrated that environmentally benign synthetic alternatives are not on(v possible, but economically advantageous. This presentation will illustrate how the principles of green chemistry can be incorporated into the innovative process across the spectrum of Research, Development and Manufacturing worlds. Examples that demonstrate the benefits of interdisciplinary collaborations in pursuit of sustainable materials will be presented. Green Chemistry is: "The design of design products and processes that reduce and/or eliminate the use and/or generation of hazardous materials". The twelve principles of green chemistry were developed as a guide for individuals engaged in research and development. The Principles of Green Chemistry: 1. Prevention: It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed. 2. Atom Economy: Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product. 3. Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis: Whenever practicable, synthetic methodologies should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment. 4. Designing Safer Chemicals: Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of the function while reducing toxicity. 5. Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries: The use of auxiliaries substances (solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary whenever possible and when used, innocuous. 6. Design for Energy Efficiency: Energy requirements should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. Synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure. 7. Use of Renewable Feedstocks: A raw material of feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practical. 8. Reduce Derivatives: Unnecessary derivatization (blocking groups, protection/deprotection, temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be avoided whenever possible. 9. Catalysis: Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents. 10. Design for Degradation: Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they do not persist in the environment and instead break down into innocuous degradation products. 11. Real-time Analysis for Pollution Prevention: Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances. 12. Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention: Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions and fires.

434 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE A successful green chemistry technology must satisfy three criteria: • It must be more environmentally sound than a competitive technology. • It must perform as well, if not better than a competitive technology. • It must be as economical as or less expensive than a competitive technology. This places an enormous additional burden on the design chemist. But some individuals in industry and academia have risen to the challenge and have demonstrated that it is not impossible. When one considers the "hidden" costs related to using hazardous materials, it becomes immediately obvious why it is beneficial to seek non-toxic and environmentally benign alternatives. The hidden costs of using hazardous materials appear in a variety of ways: • Storage coats are greater for hazardous materials • Transportation costs are greater for hazardous materials. • The Treatment and Disposal costs are greater for hazardous materials. • The Regulatory Costs are greater for hazardous materials and processes. • The cost of Liability insurance is greater when using hazardous materials and processes. • Worker Health and Safety costs for an organization are greater. • The Corporate Reputation is greatly affected by the use and associated risks of using hazardous materials. • The development or breakdown of Community Relations can hinge on the risks associated with using hazardous materials. • New Employee Recruitment is impacted by a corporation's reputation. The best and brightest students are seeking employers with ethical reputations. Our current academic chemistry and materials science programs are not sufficiently training future scientists with the skills and knowledge required to design safer materials. Green chemistry will be successful as a partnership between industry, academia and government. "Real world" strategies must be studied and taught that promote the development of environmentally benign products and processes that are not only in compliance with existing environmental regulations, but anticipate future regulations as well.