SKIN SMOOTHNESS AND SKIN SOFTNESS 109 Table VII Mean Percentage Increase in Skin Softness After Three Treatments in Men and Women Treatments Sex Lotion Water Bath Solution Men 22.3 12.8 25.6 Women 18.2 20.2 18.3 Difference 4.1 7.4 7.3 It can be seen that all treatments were highly effective in softening the skin over the period employed. We divided the group into men and women and compared the relative effectiveness of the treatments for each subgroup. Table VII gives the mean increase in skin softness after each treatment for men and women. It can be seen that men showed a greater softening effect than women for Lotion and Bath Solution: the opposite was true for Water. In order to assess the effectiveness of the treatments as a function of the initial state of softness of the skin, we divided the group (median split) into those whose initial skin condition was relatively hard and relatively soft. Table VIII gives the increase in skin softness for these two subgroups. It can be seen that for Lotion, subjects in the group with relatively soft skin had a slight advantage (3.2%) over those with harder skin in improving their status. However, for Water and for Bath Solution, those with initially harder skins improved much more than those with softer skins. Indeed, whereas the ratio between the groups for Lotion was only 1.18, the ratios between groups was 2.24 for Water and 2.62 for Bath Solu- tion. This difference between groups of different initial status of skin hardness indi- cates that those with hard skin are affected much more positively after Bath Solution or Water than after Lotion. Smoothness. The effects for smoothness were measured as a percentage change in the force (in grams) required to move the sled across the skin. Table IX gives the subject number, age, sex and mean percentage increases in smoothness as a function of the three treatments. The mean increase in smoothness showed that Bath Solution produced a greater mean percentage change (11.6) than Water (7.3) of Lotion (6.7). A Friedman Analysis of Variance was computed to evaluate the relative efficacy of the three treatments (X 2 = 1.90, p 0.05). The mean relative ranks (from 1-3: low to high effectiveness) were 1.85 for Water, 1.90 for Lotion and 2.25 for Bath Solution. Table VIII Mean Percentage Increase in Skin Softness in Subjects with Relatively Hard or Soft Skin Pretreatment Condition Lotion Water Bath Relatively Soft 21.1 10.3 11.2 Relatively Hard 17.9 23.1 29.3 Difference 3.2 12.8 18.1

110 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS Table IX Percentage Increase in Skin Smoothness After Three Treatments S Age Sex Lotion Water Bath Solution 1 23 M 22 5 0 2 23 M 1 15 6 3 21 F 1 16 10 4 43 F 0 9 19 5 32 F 22 14 21 6 47 F 9 0 7 7 44 F 4 0 0 8 42 F 10 0 31 9 34 F 0 0 0 10 20 M 20 14 43 11 19 F 20 16 24 12 26 M 0 35 22 13 22 F 15 17 29 14 25 M 25 37 39 15 18 F 0 0 0 16 41 M 8 0 0 17 33 F 0 -13 17 18 56 F 0 -9 -36 19 23 F -14 0 -6 20 18 F -5 0 0 Mean 6.7 7.3 11.6 Note: "-" means decrease in smoothness. In view of the lack of significant differences among the treatments, we computed the number of individuals whose skin was smoothed, remained the same, or toughened by the treatment. Table X gives these distributions and the X 2 which evaluates them. It can be seen that Lotion and Bath Solution were significantly effective in improving the skin smoothness of a majority of the group, whereas Water had no such significant effect. We divided the group into men and women, and compared the relative effectiveness of the treatments for each group. Table XI gives the mean increases in skin smoothness as a function of each treatment for men and women. It can be seen that men showed a greater skin smoothing effect than women for all three treatments. In order to assess the effectiveness of the treatments as a function of Table X Distribution of Subjects Whose Skin Smoothness Changed After Each Treatment Treatment Smoothness Better Same Worse Total ?(" - 2 df Water 10 8 2 20 5.17 Lotion 12 6 2 20 7.56* Bath Solution 13 5 2 20 9.22** *p 0.05. **p 0.01.