436 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE The VBT polymers originally found applications in aqueous based photoresist polymers for electronic applications. However, recent research has found uses for these polymer systems in cosmetic applications such as hair perming and dying7 and, more recently, in nail polish applications. The non-toxic nature of the polymers, combined with their water-solubility make the polymers suitable for cosmetic applications. In a recent patent, researchers at the Center found that the aqueous polymer can be applied to hair the hair can be held in shape (such as a curl), the polymer is irradiated with light and the hair is then rinsed. The resulting hair will hold the curl and is a function of the duration of irradiation and the content of the photoreactive component. In short, the permanent hair curl can be made to last as long as required just by fine-tuning the polymer system or altering the irradiation of the polymer. Figure 3. Hair curling technology Coating and curling hair (left) Irradiation (middle) After rinsing curl (right) The ionic nature of the water soluble VBT polymers allow for the attachment of dyes to the surface through ionic charges. This has possible applications in hair dying, allowing for the dying of hair by using non-toxic, water based ionic charged dyes. The diverse applications available for the VBT polymer systems make these non-toxic polymers attractive for many cosmetic uses. Future applications include the use of DNA photolyase to reverse the hair perming effect and applications of the photoresist polymers in nail polish. 1 Blackbum, G.M. Davies, R.J.H. J. Chem. Soc. C, 1966, 2239. 2 Lamola, A.A Mittal, J.P. Science, 1966, 154, 1560. 3 Warner, J.C. Lloyd-Kindstrand, L. "Thymine-containing styrene polymers as environmentally benign photoresists" in Biopolymers, Vol. 9, Matsumura, S. Steinbuechel, A, Eds. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Germany 2003, pp 165-174. 4 Sancar, A Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 2203-2237. 5 Whitfield, J. Morelli, A Warner, J.C. Journal of Macromolecular Science A, 2005, 42(11), 1541-1546. 6 Warner, J.C. Morelli, A Ku, M.-C "Methods ofsolubilizing and recycling biodegradable polymers containing photoreactive moieties using irradiation" U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. 2003, 4 pp US 2003224497 7 Cannon, AS. Raudys, J. Undurti, A Warner, J.C. "Photoreactive Polymers and Devices for use in Hair Treatments" PCT Int. Appl. 2004, 23pp WO 2004058187.

2006 ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC SEMINAR 437 OPPORTUNITIES FOR CHEMICAL INNOVATION IN A RESOURCE LIMITED WORLD D. Tyler McQuade, Ph.D. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 dtm25@cornell.edu Chemistry impacts every aspect of daily life from toothpastes to life-saving medicines. The essential feature of this central science is synthesis. The top selling cholesterol lowering agent Lipitor, for example, is an optically pure, entirely synthetic product. 1 Such progress has prompted some to declare synthetic chemistry a mature field. 'What is neglected in this myopic analysis, however, is the resource intensive nature of the synthetic enterprise. In order to continue meeting the world's demands, new approaches, methods, and tools are needed to make synthetic chemistry sustainable. 2 Effective organic synthesis depends on site-isolation, the physical separation of reagents or catalysts from each other. Synthetic organic chemists typically achieve site-isolation by using separate flasks or reactors. Separate vessels prevent incompatible catalysts or reagents from fouling or yielding intractable mixtures. This reliance on "multiple pots" is both a triumph and a curse. This iterative transformation and purification model has been enormously successful, but it is plagued by waste, mostly as solvents. Solvents are often incinerated and if the precursors to solvents are a finite resource, current chemical synthesis will be only be possible for a limited amount of time. The average pharmaceutical synthesis yields 25-100 kg of waste per kilogram of product, according to Sheldon3• 4 We present materials, techniques, and methods that improve the efficiency of chemical synthesis. Figun: I. (A) An optical micrograph of the oil-in-oil emulsion on the right and (BJ a SEM image of capsules formed at the interface of an oil-in-oil emulsion. New Materials for Synthesis: We will describe the use of emulsion-based interfacial polymerization methods to create encapsulated catalysts. Using spin-echo NMR experiments, we will demonstrate that high-molecular weight catalysts encapsulated in polymeric shells diffuse within the capsules as if they were in a viscous solvent. We will also show that oil-in-water, water-in-oil, and oil-in-oil emulsions are useful for creating these new materials. Figure IA shows an optical micrograph of an oil-in-oil emulsion and Figure lB an SEM image of a capsule produced using the oil/oil interface as a template for a polyurea interfacial polymerization. Figure 2. Basic design of our microfluidic reactor. The top-left syringe pump contains the carrier phase, the right pump contains the fint disperse phase, and lhc bottom-left pump contains the second dispenc phase.