a) 0.8 0.6 E *** C: 0 0.4 V Q 0 0.2 0 C: e ti ,, .!: G) G) (I) (!) ·u C: "'C - "'C (.) ::J - � "in as "in C: as as (!) .c 0 x u C e (I) ::J L... u w as u (I) � .Q (I) C: ::? 0 3 (I) 0 � rn u E (.) """"" ....I ·crn E e L.. :::t 0 LO E N 0.1 mM b) 0.5 0.4 E C: 0 0.3 Q 0.2 0 0.1 0 C: 0 ti "'C C: (I) � (I) (!) L... ·u C "'C ""O (.) ::J - as "in as "in C: L.. cu as - (!) -e 0 x u C e (I) ::J 0 0 u C: w as (I) � (I) ffl L... ::? Q 3 (I) 0 E (.) B rn ""O 0 """"" ....I ·c(/) 0 E e L... :::t 0 LO E N 0.1 mM Figure 3. The inhibitory effects of C. officinalis extract and its components on melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. (a) The vertical axis is melanin content (420 nm). (b) Cell numbers (570 nm) in B16 melanoma cells. Each value is the mean+/-SEM of three determinations. Values are significantly different from the control. **p 0.05, ***p 0.01 by Dunnett's multiple comparison.

INHIBITORY EFFECT OF C. OFFICINALIS ON MELANOGENESIS 515 3 *** C "f � 0 N 2 - 10 0 T""" - fl) C 0 0 ..c a_ 0 0 +-' C 0 (.) "C 0) (!) ·u -0 (.) rn ·u5 (!) u ::, � C w L.. 0 rn (.) Figure 4. The integrated value for 20 min of chemiluminescence on components of C. officinalis (each 50 µM). Each value is the mean+/-SEM of three determinations. Values are significantly different from the control. ***p 0.01 by Dunnett's multiple comparison. - E C: 0 LO sq- - 0 0 1.0 --------------------, 0.8 0.6 0.4 L... ,+J C: 0 0 2 4 caffeic acid *** 2 4 cornuside 2 4 EGCG (µM) Figure 5. The values of superoxide scavenging activity of components in C. officinalis. Each value is the mean+/-SEM of three determinations. Values are significantly different from the control. ***p 0.01 by Dunnett's multiple comparison.