653 Bidirectional Gut-Skin Axis
(44) Murai M, Yamamura K, Hashimoto-Hachiya A, Tsuji G, Furue M, Mitoma C. Tryptophan photo-
product FICZ upregulates AHR/MEK/ERK-mediated MMP1 expression: implications in anti-fibrotic
phototherapy. J Dermatol Sci. 2018 91(1):97–103. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.04.010
(45) Fernández-Gallego N, Sánchez-Madrid F, Cibrian D. Role of AHR ligands in skin homeostasis and
cutaneous inflammation. Cells. November 2021 10(11). doi:10.3390/cells10113176
(46) Poormasjedi-Meibod M-S, Hartwell R, Kilani RT, Ghahary A. Anti-scarring properties of different
tryptophan derivatives. PLOS ONE. March 2014 9(3):e91955. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091955
(47) Aoki R, Aoki-Yoshida A, Suzuki C, Takayama Y. Protective effect of indole-3-pyruvate against
ultraviolet B-induced damage to cultured HaCaT keratinocytes and the skin of hairless mice. PLOS
ONE. May 2014 9(5):e96804. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096804
(48) Gatarek P, Kaluzna-Czaplinska J. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in human health. Excli J.
2021 20:301–319. doi:10.17179/excli2020-3239
(49) Liu Y, Dai M. Trimethylamine N-oxide generated by the gut microbiota is associated with vascular
inflammation: new insights into atherosclerosis. Mediators Inflamm. 2020 (February 2020) 2020:4634172.
doi:10.1155/2020/4634172
(50) Sikora M, Kiss N, Stec A, et al. Trimethylamine N-oxide, a gut microbiota-derived metabolite, is
associated with cardiovascular risk in psoriasis: A cross-sectional pilot study. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb).
2021 11(4):1277–1289. doi:10.1007/s13555-021-00547-3
(51) Barrea L, Muscogiuri G, Pugliese G, et al. Association of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) with the clinical
severity of hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa). Nutrients. June 2021 13(6). doi:10.3390/nu13061997
(52) Akiyama T, Iodi Carstens M, Carstens E. Transmitters and pathways mediating inhibition of spinal
itch-signaling neurons by scratching and other counterstimuli. PLOS ONE. July 2011 6(7):e22665.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022665
(53) Langan EA, Lisztes E, Bíró T, et al. Dopamine is a novel, direct inducer of catagen in human scalp hair
follicles in vitro. Br J Dermatol. 2013 168(3):520–525. doi:10.1111/bjd.12113
(54) Lee HJ, Park MK, Kim SY, Park Choo HYP, Lee AY, Lee CH. Serotonin induces melanogenesis via
serotonin receptor 2A. Br J Dermatol. 2011 165(6):1344–1348. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10490.x
(55) Yokoyama S, Hiramoto K, Koyama M, Ooi K. Impairment of skin barrier function via cholinergic signal
transduction in a dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis mouse model. Exp Dermatol. 2015 24(10):779–
784. doi:10.1111/exd.12775
(56) Humbert P, Pelletier F, Dreno B, Puzenat E, Aubin F. Gluten intolerance and skin diseases. Eur J
Dermatol. 2006 16(1):4–11.
(57) Lupu VV, Jechel E, Mihai CM, et al. Connection between celiac disease and systemic lupus erythematosus
in children—A development model of autoimmune diseases starting from what we inherit to what we
eat. Nutrients. May 2023 15(11). doi:10.3390/nu15112535
(58) Cardona F, Andrés-Lacueva C, Tulipani S, Tinahones FJ, Queipo-Ortuño MI. Benefits of polyphenols on
gut microbiota and implications in human health. J Nutr Biochem. 2013 24(8):1415–1422. doi:10.1016/j.
jnutbio.2013.05.001
(59) Giampieri F, Alvarez-Suarez JM, Mazzoni L, et al. Polyphenol-rich strawberry extract protects
human dermal fibroblasts against hydrogen peroxide oxidative damage and improves mitochondrial
functionality. Molecules. 2014 19(6):7798–7816. doi:10.3390/molecules19067798
(60) Williams HC, Dellavalle RP, Garner S. Acne vulgaris. Lancet. 2012 379(9813):361–372. doi:10.1016/
S0140-6736(11)60321-8
(61) Bowe WP, Logan AC. Acne vulgaris, probiotics and the gut-brain-skin axis—Back to the future? Gut
Pathog. January 2011 3(1):1. doi:10.1186/1757-4749-3-1
(62) Huang S, Rutkowsky JM, Snodgrass RG, et al. Saturated fatty acids activate TLR-mediated
proinflammatory signaling pathways. J Lipid Res. 2012 53(9):2002–2013. doi:10.1194/jlr.D029546
(63) Mahmood SN, Bowe WP. Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit. J Drugs
Dermatol. 2014 13(4):428–435.

654 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE
(64) Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Danby FW, Frazier AL, Willett WC, Holmes MD. High school dietary
dairy intake and teenage acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 52(2):207–214. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.08.007
(65) Melnik BC. Linking diet to acne metabolomics, inflammation, and comedogenesis: an update. Clin
Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015 8:371–388. doi:10.2147/CCID.S69135
(66) Guo X, Li J, Tang R, et al. High-fat diet alters gut microbiota and the expression of Paneth cell-
antimicrobial peptides preceding changes of circulating inflammatory cytokines. Mediators Inflamm.
2017 (February 2017) 2017:9474896. doi:10.1155/2017/9474896
(67) Deng Y, Wang H, Zhou J, Mou Y, Wang G, Xiong X. Patients with acne vulgaris have a distinct
gut microbiota in comparison with healthy controls. Acta Derm Venereol. 2018 98(8):783–790.
doi:10.2340/00015555-2968
(68) Yan H-M, Zhao H-J, Guo D-Y, Zhu P-Q, Zhang C-L, Jiang W. Gut microbiota alterations in moderate
to severe acne vulgaris patients. J Dermatol. 2018 45(10):1166–1171. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.14586
(69) VanHook AM. Butyrate benefits the intestinal barrier. Sci Signal. May 2015 8(378). doi:10.1126/scisignal.
aac6198
(70) Juhlin L, Michaëlsson G. Fibrin microclot formation in patients with acne. Acta Derm Venereol.
1983 63(6):538–540. doi:10.2340/0001555563538540
(71) Langan SM, Mulick AR, Rutter CE, et al. Trends in eczema prevalence in children and adolescents: A
global asthma network phase I study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2023 53:337–352.
(72) Bieber T. Atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2008 358(14):1483–1494. doi:10.1056/NEJMra074081
(73) Leyden JJ, Marples RR, Kligman AM. Staphylococcus aureus in the lesions of atopic dermatitis. Br J
Dermatol. 1974 90(5):525–530. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1974.tb06447.x
(74) Ong PY, Leung DYM. Bacterial and viral infections in atopic dermatitis: A comprehensive review. Clin
Rev Allergy Immunol. 2016 51(3):329–337. doi:10.1007/s12016-016-8548-5
(75) Orfali RL, da Silva Oliveira LM, de Lima JF, et al. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins modulate IL-22-
secreting cells in adults with atopic dermatitis. Sci Rep. 2018 8(1):6665. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25125-0
(76) Lee E, Lee S-Y, Kang M-J, et al. Clostridia in the gut and onset of atopic dermatitis via eosinophilic
inflammation. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016 117(1):91–92.e1. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2016.04.019
(77) Penders J, Thijs C, van den Brandt PA, et al. Gut microbiota composition and development of atopic
manifestations in infancy: the KOALA birth cohort study. Gut. 2007 56(5):661–667. doi:10.1136/
gut.2006.100164
(78) Song H, Yoo Y, Hwang J, Na Y-C, Kim HS. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii subspecies-level dysbiosis in
the human gut microbiome underlying atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 137(3):852–860.
doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.021
(79) Watanabe S, Narisawa Y, Arase S, et al. Differences in fecal microflora between patients with atopic dermatitis
and healthy control subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 111(3):587–591. doi:10.1067/mai.2003.105
(80) Abrahamsson TR, Jakobsson HE, Andersson AF, Björkstén B, Engstrand L, Jenmalm MC. Low diversity
of the gut microbiota in infants with atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 129(2):434–440.e2.
doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.10.025
(81) Rather IA, Bajpai VK, Kumar S, Lim J, Paek WK, Park Y-H. Probiotics and atopic dermatitis: an
overview. Front Microbiol. April 2016 7:507. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00507
(82) West CE, Dzidic M, Prescott SL, Jenmalm MC. Bugging allergy Role of pre-, pro- and Synbiotics in
allergy prevention. Allergol Int. 2017 66(4):529–538. doi:10.1016/j.alit.2017.08.001
(83) Chu Y, Meng Q, Yu J, Zhang J, Chen J, Kang Y. Strain-level dynamics reveal regulatory roles in atopic
eczema by gut bacterial phages. Microbiol Spectr. March 2023 11(2):e0455122. doi:10.1128/spectrum.04551-22
(84) Matsumoto M, Ebata T, Hirooka J, et al. Antipruritic effects of the probiotic strain LKM512 in.adults with
atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014 113(2):209–216.e7. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2014.05.002
(85) Chen Y-J, Lee W-H, Ho HJ, Tseng C-H, Wu C-Y. An altered fecal microbial profiling in rosacea
patients compared to matched controls. J Formos Med Assoc. 2021 120(1 Pt 1):256–264. doi:10.1016/j.
jfma.2020.04.034