659 Bidirectional Gut-Skin Axis
(162) Taylor KR, Yamasaki K, Radek KA, et al. Recognition of hyaluronan released in sterile injury involves
a unique receptor complex dependent on toll-like receptor 4, CD44, and MD-2. J Biol Chem. 2007 282
(25):18265–18275. doi:10.1074/jbc.M606352200
(163) Scheibner KA, Lutz MA, Boodoo S, Fenton MJ, Powell JD, Horton MR. Hyaluronan fragments act
as an endogenous danger signal by engaging TLR2. J Immunol. 2006 177(2):1272–1281. doi:10.4049/
jimmunol.177.2.1272
(164) Shin JH, Seeley RJ. Reg3 proteins as gut hormones? Endocrinology. 2019 160(6):1506–1514. doi:10.1210/
en.2019-00073
(165) Johansson MEV, Larsson JMH, Hansson GC. The two mucus layers of colon are organized by the MUC2
mucin, whereas the outer layer is a legislator of host–microbial interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
2011 108(suppl 1):4659–4665. doi:10.1073/pnas.1006451107
(166) Dokoshi T, Seidman JS, Cavagnero KJ, et al. Skin inflammation activates intestinal stromal fibroblasts
and promotes colitis. J Clin Invest. 2021 131(21):e147614. doi:10.1172/JCI147614
(167) Limon JJ, Tang J, Li D, et al. Malassezia is associated with Crohn’s disease and exacerbates colitis in
mouse models. Cell Host Microbe. 2019 25:377–388.e6.
(168) Bosman ES, Albert AY, Lui H, Dutz JP, Vallance BA. Skin exposure to narrow band ultraviolet (UVB)
light modulates the human intestinal microbiome. Front Microbiol. October 2019 10:2410. doi:10.3389/
fmicb.2019.02410
(169) Clark A, Mach N. Role of vitamin D in the hygiene hypothesis: the interplay between vitamin D, vitamin
D receptors, gut microbiota, and immune response. Front Immunol. December 2016 7:627. doi:10.3389/
fimmu.2016.00627
(170) Kuo AM, Kraehenbuehl L, King S, et al. Contribution of the skin–gut axis to immune-related adverse
events with multi-system involvement. Cancers. June 2022 14(12). doi:10.3390/cancers14122995
(171) Shaykhiev R, Bals R. Interactions between epithelial cells and leukocytes in immunity and tissue
homeostasis. J Leukoc Biol. 2007 82(1):1–15. doi:10.1189/jlb.0207096
(172) Jefferson A, Borges C. Evaluation of the safety, tolerability and plasma vitamin D response to long-term
use of patented transdermal vitamin D patches in healthy adults: A randomised parallel pilot study. BMJ
Nutr Prev Health. 2022 5(2):217–226. doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2022-000471
(173) Pastore MN, Kalia YN, Horstmann M, Roberts MS. Transdermal patches: history, development and
pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol. 2015 172(9):2179–2209. doi:10.1111/bph.13059
(174) Kumari D, Bhatia E, Awasthi L, Banerjee R. Phospholipid and menthol based nanovesicle impregnated
transdermal patch for nutraceutical delivery to diminish folate and iron deficiency. Biomed Mater. May
2022 17(4). doi:10.1088/1748-605X/ac5571
(175) Rizzi V, Gubitosa J, Fini P, Cosma P. Neurocosmetics in skincare—the fascinating world of skin–
brain connection: a review to explore ingredients, commercial products for skin aging, and cosmetic
regulation. Cosmetics. July 2021 8(3). doi:10.3390/cosmetics8030066
(162) Taylor KR, Yamasaki K, Radek KA, et al. Recognition of hyaluronan released in sterile injury involves
a unique receptor complex dependent on toll-like receptor 4, CD44, and MD-2. J Biol Chem. 2007 282
(25):18265–18275. doi:10.1074/jbc.M606352200
(163) Scheibner KA, Lutz MA, Boodoo S, Fenton MJ, Powell JD, Horton MR. Hyaluronan fragments act
as an endogenous danger signal by engaging TLR2. J Immunol. 2006 177(2):1272–1281. doi:10.4049/
jimmunol.177.2.1272
(164) Shin JH, Seeley RJ. Reg3 proteins as gut hormones? Endocrinology. 2019 160(6):1506–1514. doi:10.1210/
en.2019-00073
(165) Johansson MEV, Larsson JMH, Hansson GC. The two mucus layers of colon are organized by the MUC2
mucin, whereas the outer layer is a legislator of host–microbial interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
2011 108(suppl 1):4659–4665. doi:10.1073/pnas.1006451107
(166) Dokoshi T, Seidman JS, Cavagnero KJ, et al. Skin inflammation activates intestinal stromal fibroblasts
and promotes colitis. J Clin Invest. 2021 131(21):e147614. doi:10.1172/JCI147614
(167) Limon JJ, Tang J, Li D, et al. Malassezia is associated with Crohn’s disease and exacerbates colitis in
mouse models. Cell Host Microbe. 2019 25:377–388.e6.
(168) Bosman ES, Albert AY, Lui H, Dutz JP, Vallance BA. Skin exposure to narrow band ultraviolet (UVB)
light modulates the human intestinal microbiome. Front Microbiol. October 2019 10:2410. doi:10.3389/
fmicb.2019.02410
(169) Clark A, Mach N. Role of vitamin D in the hygiene hypothesis: the interplay between vitamin D, vitamin
D receptors, gut microbiota, and immune response. Front Immunol. December 2016 7:627. doi:10.3389/
fimmu.2016.00627
(170) Kuo AM, Kraehenbuehl L, King S, et al. Contribution of the skin–gut axis to immune-related adverse
events with multi-system involvement. Cancers. June 2022 14(12). doi:10.3390/cancers14122995
(171) Shaykhiev R, Bals R. Interactions between epithelial cells and leukocytes in immunity and tissue
homeostasis. J Leukoc Biol. 2007 82(1):1–15. doi:10.1189/jlb.0207096
(172) Jefferson A, Borges C. Evaluation of the safety, tolerability and plasma vitamin D response to long-term
use of patented transdermal vitamin D patches in healthy adults: A randomised parallel pilot study. BMJ
Nutr Prev Health. 2022 5(2):217–226. doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2022-000471
(173) Pastore MN, Kalia YN, Horstmann M, Roberts MS. Transdermal patches: history, development and
pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol. 2015 172(9):2179–2209. doi:10.1111/bph.13059
(174) Kumari D, Bhatia E, Awasthi L, Banerjee R. Phospholipid and menthol based nanovesicle impregnated
transdermal patch for nutraceutical delivery to diminish folate and iron deficiency. Biomed Mater. May
2022 17(4). doi:10.1088/1748-605X/ac5571
(175) Rizzi V, Gubitosa J, Fini P, Cosma P. Neurocosmetics in skincare—the fascinating world of skin–
brain connection: a review to explore ingredients, commercial products for skin aging, and cosmetic
regulation. Cosmetics. July 2021 8(3). doi:10.3390/cosmetics8030066