280 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS was dissolved in propylene glycol at 10 wt% to form the internal polyol phase, and cyclomethicone formed the oil phase. Twenty wt% of the p/o emulsion was then dispersed into an aqueous phase containing a well balanced liquid crystalline gel net- work structure, in this case based on Nikkomulese 41TM (polyglyceryl-10 pentasterate (and) behenyl alcohol (and) sodium stearoyl lactylate). See Figure 3. To check chemical stability of the absorbic acid, its concentration in the system was measured by HPLC after storage at 40øC for six weeks. We incorporated 1 wt% of NaCI in the propylene glycol phase as a means to detect leakage between the internal phase and external phase via conductivity measurements (2). Conductivity readings were taken during and directly after manufacturing (Figure 4), and after storage for six weeks at 25 and 40øC. Droplet evolution was also observed under the microscope. From HPLC, 99.5% of the originally incorporated ascorbic acid was determined still to be present after six weeks at 40øC. From microscopy, the size distribution of the dispersed phase reaches steady state after about 50 to 60 seconds. From conductivity measurements, it could be observed that droplet break-up during the initial dispersion of the p/o emulsion into the external aqueous phase released 34 + 5% of the ascorbic acid after this time period. No further release could be observed in the sample stored for six weeks at 25øC. At storage temperatures of 40øC after six weeks, the conductivity of the system was increasing slightly. A release of an additional 10 + 5% was calculated. At least 50% of the encapsulated ascorbic acid could probably be incorporated in a stable fashion for a significant period. Under the microscope, the multiple droplets appeared to be stable, even over six months at 40øC. This formulation, containing overall 2% of ascorbic acid, was SPF-tested on five panel members against the same vehicle without the vitamin C and against Nivea cream. None of the formulations contained a UV filter. The tests indicated an SPF value of 1 for the vehicle and for the Nivea, but an SPF of 5 (COLIPA) for the formulation containing the ascorbic acid, indicating some effectiveness of stabilization and delivery. .• '•, -:' . --. '• - '-'--•:& • .: '.--a- •-'a•. ' •'•-I.' ':' •'= • ".,--" .•'•- ß •.,- ,.•-:'•.r- -: -• ' '• • .•: -• •, •:- • •,=.• . ..• ...... • .•. Figure 3. Polyol-in-oil-in-water droplet (400x) after 4 weeks at 40øC

PREPRINTS OF THE 1996 ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC MEETING 281 Figure 4. Sodium chloride release with stirring time. Preliminary feasibility of this encapsulation technique has also been proven with en- zymes, fragrances, and antiperspirant actives. The external phase can be extended to concentrated detergent systems. The possibility exists of dispersing several X-encapsu- lated-in-oil emulsions in an external Y phase. Multiple actives that would otherwise be unstable and/or incompatible can be engineered to co-exist in a cost-effective and esthetically pleasing emulsion system. REFERENCES (1) S.S. Davis and I. Walker, Int. J. Pharmaceut., 17, 203 (1983). (2) S. Magdassi, M. Frenkel, N. Garti, and R. J. Kasan, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 97, 374 (1984). Silicones in the environment GENE R. BROWNING, GE Silicones, Waterford, NY 12188. INTRODUCTION The use of silicone materials in personal care applications is well known. Dimethicone provides a breathable barrier on the skin and acts as a conditioning agent in hair care products. Cyclomethicones are used as a volatile carrier in underarm, skin care, and suncare products, and offer transient conditioning in hair care products. These materials enter the environment through volatilization to the atmosphere or are carried down the drain with waste water during use of personal care products. This review paper describes information and data generated to date from a U.S. Silicone Industry cooperative research program aimed at understanding the fate and effects of silicones in the envi- ronment.