ANALYSIS AND REVIEW OF CELLULITE 391 REFERENCES (1) www.wpatten.clara.net/fat.html. Has Narcissism become 'a metaphor for the human condition?' (April 2004). (2) F. C. Wulf, J. Sandby-Moller, T. Kobayasi, and R. Gnaidecki, Skin ageing and natural photoprotec­ tion, Micron., 55, 185-191 (2004). (3) M. Tzaphlidou, The role of collagen and elastin in aged skin: An image processing approach, Micron., 35, 173-177 (2004). (4) J. Labat-Robert, Age dependent remodeling of connective tissues: Role of fibronectin and laminin, Pathol. Biol. (Paris), 51, 563-568 (2003). (5) C. Djurhuus, C. Gravholr, S. Nielsen, et al., Additive effects of cortisol and growth hormone on regional and systemic lipolysis in humans, Am.]. Physiol. Endocrin. Metab., 286, 488-494 (2004). (6) A. Peter, U. Schweiger, L. Pellerin, et al., The selfish brain: Competition for energy resources, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 28, 143-180 (2004). (7) F. Frey, A. Odermatt, and B. Frey, Glucocorticoid-mediated mineralocorticoid receptor activation and hypertension, Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens., 13, 451-458 (2004). (8) G. E. Pierard, J. L. Nizet, and C. Pierard-Franchimont, Cellulite: From standing fat herniation to hypodermal stretch marks, Am. J. Dermatopathol. 22, 34-3 7 (2000). (9) F. Mirrashed, J. Sharp, V. Krause, et al., Pilot study of dermal and subcutaneous fat structures by MRI in individuals who differ in gender, BMI and cellulite grading, J. Skin Res. Technol., 10, 161-168 (2004). (10) B. Querleux, C. Cornillon, 0. Jolivet, et al., Anatomy and physiology of subcutaneous adipose tissue by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy: Relationship with sex and presence of cellulite, J. Skin Res. Technol., 8, 118-124 (2002). (11) T. Lotti, I. Ghersetich, C. Grappone, and G. Dini, Proteoglycans in so-called cellulite, Intl. J. Der­ matol., 29, 272-274 (1990). (12) C. Bertin, H. Zunino, J.C. Pittet, et al., A double-blind evaluation of the activity of an anti-cellulite product containing retinol, caffeine and ruscogenine by a combination of several non-invasive methods. ]. Cosmet. Sci. 52, 199-210 (2001). (13) C. Pierard-Franchimont, G. E. Pierard, F. Henry, V. Vroome, and G. Cauwenbergh, A randomized placebo-controlled trial of topical retinol in the treatment of cellulite, Am.]. Dermatol., l, 369-374 (2000). (14) F. Nurnberger and G. J. Muller, So-called cellulite: An invented disease, Dermatol. Surg. Oncol., 4, 221-229 (1978). (15) S. B. Curri, Cellulite and fatty tissue microcirculation, Cosmet. Toiletr., 108, 51-58 (1993). (16) S. B. Cutri, and E. Bombardelli, Local lipodystrophy and districtual microcirculation, Cosmet. Toiletr., 109, 51-65 (1994). (17) Z. D. Draelos and K. D. Marenus, Cellulite etiology and purported treatment, Dermatol. Surg., 23, 1177-1181 (1997). (18) M. Rosenbaum, V. Prieto, J. Hellmer, et al. An exploratory investigation of the morphology and biochemistry of cellulite, Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 101, 1934-1939 (1998). (19) A. M. Kligman, Cellulite: Facts and fiction,]. Geriatr. Dermatol., 5, 136-139 (1999). (20) P. Bjorntorp, M. Karlsson, and P. Pettersson, Expansion of adipose storage capacity at different ages in rats, Metabolism, 31, 366-3 7 3 (1982). (21) M. Rebuffe-Scrive, M. Bronnegard, A. Nilsson, et al., Steroid hormone receptors in human adipose tissue,]. Clin. Endocrin. Metab., 71, 1215-1219 (1990). (22) P. Bjorntorp, Adipose tissue distribution and function, Int.]. Obesity 15, 67-81 (1991), and references cited therein. (23) P. McTernan, L. Andersen, A. Anwar, et al., Glucocorticoid regulation of P450 aromastase activity in human adipose tissue: Gender and site differences,]. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 87, 1327-1338 (2002). (24) S. Boullu-Ciocca, 0. Paulmyer-Lacroix, F. Fina, et al., Expression of the mRNA's codifying for the glucocorticoid receptor isoforms in obesity, Obesity Res., 11, 925-929 (2003). (25) C. Gravholt, R. Dall, J. Christiansen, et al., Preferential stimulation of abdominal subcutaneous lipolysis after prednelisone exposure in humans, Obesity Res., 10, 774-811 (2002). (26) J. Katz, V. Mohamed-Ali, P. Wood, et al., An in vitro study of the cortisol-cortisone shuttle in subcutaneous abdominal tissue, Clin. Endocrinol., 50, 63-68 (1999). (27) S. Petersen, K. Kristensen, and B. Richelson, Anti-glucocorticoid effects of progesterone in vivo on rat adipose tissue metabolism, Steroids., 68, 543-550 (2003).

392 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE (28) M. Rebuffe-Scrive, J. Eldh, L. Hafstrom, et al., Metabolism of mammary, abdominal and femoral adipocytes in women before and after menopause, Metabolism, 35, 792-797 (1986). (29) S. B. Pedersen, K. Kristensen, P. A. Hermann, et al., Estrogen controls lipolysis by upregulating alpha-2A-adrenergic receptors directly in human adipose tissue through the estrogen receptor alpha: Implications for female fat distribution, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 89, 1869-1878 (2004). (30) X. Xu, G. DePergola, and P. Bjorntorp, Testosterone increases lipolysis and the number of 13-adren­ ergic receptors in male rat adipocytes, Endocrinology, 128, 379-383 (1991). (31) M. Quinkler, W. Oelkers, and S. Diederich, Clinical Implications of glucocorticoid metabolism by l l-l3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in target tissues, Eur. J. Endocrinol., 144, 87-97 (2001). (32) S. Engeli, J. Bohnke, M. Feldpausch, et al., Regulation of ll-l3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogeanse genes in human adipose tissue: Influence of central obesity and weight loss, Obes. Res., 12, 9-17 (2004). (33) H. Masuzaki, and J. Flier, Tissue-specific glucocorticoid reactivating enzyme ll-!3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 (lll3HSD-l)-A promising drug target for the treatment of metabolic syn­ drome, Curr. Drug, Targ. Imm. Endocrin. Metab. Disord., 3, 255-262 (2003). (34) N. Morton, L. Ramage, and J. Seckl, Down-regulation of adipose ll-!3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 by high fat feeding in mice: A potent adaptive mechanism counteracting metabolic disease, Endocrinol., 145, 2707-2712 (2004). (35) W. Banks, The many lives of leptin, Peptides, 25, 331-338 (2004). (36) G. Alvarez, T. Ballard, S. Beske, et al., Subcutaneous obesity is not associated with sympathetic neural activation, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 287, 414--418 (2004). (37) P. Putignano, A. Brunani, A. Dubini, et al., Effect of small doses of dexamethasone on plasma leptin levels in normal and obese subjects: A dose response study,]. Endocrinol. Invest., 26, 111-116 (2003). (38) P. Pananetti, G. Garrapa, F. Mantero, et al., Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ? A review of recent data related to cardiovascular complications of endocrine dysfunctions, Clin. Exp. Hypertens, 26, 387- 398 (2004). (39) T. Nagy, B. Gower, C. Trowbridge, et al., Effects of gender ethnicity body composition and fat distribution on serum leptin concentrations in children, J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab., 82, 2148-2152 (1997). (40) J. Potter, L. Rennie-Tankersley, and E. Mezey, Leptin deficiency prevents the activation of the murine alpha 2(1) collagen promoter by acetaldehyde, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 426, 73-77 (2004). (41) M. Tang, J. Potter, and E. Mezey, Activation of the human alphal (I) collagen promoter by leptin is not mediated by transforming growth factor beta responsive elements, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 312, 629-633 (2003). (42) M. Matsubara, S. Maruoka, and S. Katayose, Inverse relationship between plasma adiponectin and leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese women, Eur J. Endocrinol., 147, 173-180 (2002). (43) B. Spiegelman, PPAR--y: Adipogenic regulator and thiazolidinedione receptor, Diabetes, 47, 507-514 (1998). (44) P. Trayhurn, The biology of obesity, Proc. Nutr. Soc., 64, 31-38 (2005). (45) G. Fantuzzi, Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation,]. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 115, 911-919 (2005). (46) L. Martin,]. Woo, S. Daniels, E. Goodman, and L. Dolan, The relationship of adiponectin with insulin and lipids are strengthened with increasing adiposity,J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 90, (2005). (47) T. Kadowaki and T. Yamanuchi, Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors, Endocr. Rev., 26, 439-451 (2005 ). (48) J. Fernandez-Real, M. Pugeat, A. Lopez-Bermejo, H. Barnet, and W. Ricart, Corticosteroid-binding globulin affects the relationship between circulating adiponectin and cortisol in men and women, Metabolism, 54, 584-589 (2005). (49) M. Gniadecka, 0. Nielson, S. Wessel, et al., Water and protein structure in photoaged and chronically aged skin,]. Invest. Dermatol. 111, 1129-1133 (1998). (50) J. Nuutinen, R. Ikaheimo, and T. Lahtinen, Validation of a new dielectric device to assess changes of tissue water in skin and subcutaneous fat, Physiol. Meas., 25, 447-454 (2004). (51) S. Kim, J. Park, and W. Moon, Dystropic breast calcifications in patients with collagen disease, Clin. Imaging, 28, 6-9 (2004). (52) Y. Kudva, C. Reynolds, T. O'Brien, et al., Mastopathy and diabetes. Curr. Diabetes Rep., 3, 56-59 (2003). (53) N. Cho, K. Oh, K. Park, and T. Noh, Sclerosing lobular hyperplasia: Sonographic pathological correlation, Eur Radial., 13, 1645-1650 (2003).