654 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE
(64) Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Danby FW, Frazier AL, Willett WC, Holmes MD. High school dietary
dairy intake and teenage acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 52(2):207–214. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.08.007
(65) Melnik BC. Linking diet to acne metabolomics, inflammation, and comedogenesis: an update. Clin
Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015 8:371–388. doi:10.2147/CCID.S69135
(66) Guo X, Li J, Tang R, et al. High-fat diet alters gut microbiota and the expression of Paneth cell-
antimicrobial peptides preceding changes of circulating inflammatory cytokines. Mediators Inflamm.
2017 (February 2017) 2017:9474896. doi:10.1155/2017/9474896
(67) Deng Y, Wang H, Zhou J, Mou Y, Wang G, Xiong X. Patients with acne vulgaris have a distinct
gut microbiota in comparison with healthy controls. Acta Derm Venereol. 2018 98(8):783–790.
doi:10.2340/00015555-2968
(68) Yan H-M, Zhao H-J, Guo D-Y, Zhu P-Q, Zhang C-L, Jiang W. Gut microbiota alterations in moderate
to severe acne vulgaris patients. J Dermatol. 2018 45(10):1166–1171. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.14586
(69) VanHook AM. Butyrate benefits the intestinal barrier. Sci Signal. May 2015 8(378). doi:10.1126/scisignal.
aac6198
(70) Juhlin L, Michaëlsson G. Fibrin microclot formation in patients with acne. Acta Derm Venereol.
1983 63(6):538–540. doi:10.2340/0001555563538540
(71) Langan SM, Mulick AR, Rutter CE, et al. Trends in eczema prevalence in children and adolescents: A
global asthma network phase I study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2023 53:337–352.
(72) Bieber T. Atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2008 358(14):1483–1494. doi:10.1056/NEJMra074081
(73) Leyden JJ, Marples RR, Kligman AM. Staphylococcus aureus in the lesions of atopic dermatitis. Br J
Dermatol. 1974 90(5):525–530. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1974.tb06447.x
(74) Ong PY, Leung DYM. Bacterial and viral infections in atopic dermatitis: A comprehensive review. Clin
Rev Allergy Immunol. 2016 51(3):329–337. doi:10.1007/s12016-016-8548-5
(75) Orfali RL, da Silva Oliveira LM, de Lima JF, et al. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins modulate IL-22-
secreting cells in adults with atopic dermatitis. Sci Rep. 2018 8(1):6665. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25125-0
(76) Lee E, Lee S-Y, Kang M-J, et al. Clostridia in the gut and onset of atopic dermatitis via eosinophilic
inflammation. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016 117(1):91–92.e1. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2016.04.019
(77) Penders J, Thijs C, van den Brandt PA, et al. Gut microbiota composition and development of atopic
manifestations in infancy: the KOALA birth cohort study. Gut. 2007 56(5):661–667. doi:10.1136/
gut.2006.100164
(78) Song H, Yoo Y, Hwang J, Na Y-C, Kim HS. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii subspecies-level dysbiosis in
the human gut microbiome underlying atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 137(3):852–860.
doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.021
(79) Watanabe S, Narisawa Y, Arase S, et al. Differences in fecal microflora between patients with atopic dermatitis
and healthy control subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 111(3):587–591. doi:10.1067/mai.2003.105
(80) Abrahamsson TR, Jakobsson HE, Andersson AF, Björkstén B, Engstrand L, Jenmalm MC. Low diversity
of the gut microbiota in infants with atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 129(2):434–440.e2.
doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.10.025
(81) Rather IA, Bajpai VK, Kumar S, Lim J, Paek WK, Park Y-H. Probiotics and atopic dermatitis: an
overview. Front Microbiol. April 2016 7:507. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00507
(82) West CE, Dzidic M, Prescott SL, Jenmalm MC. Bugging allergy Role of pre-, pro- and Synbiotics in
allergy prevention. Allergol Int. 2017 66(4):529–538. doi:10.1016/j.alit.2017.08.001
(83) Chu Y, Meng Q, Yu J, Zhang J, Chen J, Kang Y. Strain-level dynamics reveal regulatory roles in atopic
eczema by gut bacterial phages. Microbiol Spectr. March 2023 11(2):e0455122. doi:10.1128/spectrum.04551-22
(84) Matsumoto M, Ebata T, Hirooka J, et al. Antipruritic effects of the probiotic strain LKM512 in.adults with
atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014 113(2):209–216.e7. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2014.05.002
(85) Chen Y-J, Lee W-H, Ho HJ, Tseng C-H, Wu C-Y. An altered fecal microbial profiling in rosacea
patients compared to matched controls. J Formos Med Assoc. 2021 120(1 Pt 1):256–264. doi:10.1016/j.
jfma.2020.04.034
(64) Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Danby FW, Frazier AL, Willett WC, Holmes MD. High school dietary
dairy intake and teenage acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 52(2):207–214. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.08.007
(65) Melnik BC. Linking diet to acne metabolomics, inflammation, and comedogenesis: an update. Clin
Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015 8:371–388. doi:10.2147/CCID.S69135
(66) Guo X, Li J, Tang R, et al. High-fat diet alters gut microbiota and the expression of Paneth cell-
antimicrobial peptides preceding changes of circulating inflammatory cytokines. Mediators Inflamm.
2017 (February 2017) 2017:9474896. doi:10.1155/2017/9474896
(67) Deng Y, Wang H, Zhou J, Mou Y, Wang G, Xiong X. Patients with acne vulgaris have a distinct
gut microbiota in comparison with healthy controls. Acta Derm Venereol. 2018 98(8):783–790.
doi:10.2340/00015555-2968
(68) Yan H-M, Zhao H-J, Guo D-Y, Zhu P-Q, Zhang C-L, Jiang W. Gut microbiota alterations in moderate
to severe acne vulgaris patients. J Dermatol. 2018 45(10):1166–1171. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.14586
(69) VanHook AM. Butyrate benefits the intestinal barrier. Sci Signal. May 2015 8(378). doi:10.1126/scisignal.
aac6198
(70) Juhlin L, Michaëlsson G. Fibrin microclot formation in patients with acne. Acta Derm Venereol.
1983 63(6):538–540. doi:10.2340/0001555563538540
(71) Langan SM, Mulick AR, Rutter CE, et al. Trends in eczema prevalence in children and adolescents: A
global asthma network phase I study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2023 53:337–352.
(72) Bieber T. Atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2008 358(14):1483–1494. doi:10.1056/NEJMra074081
(73) Leyden JJ, Marples RR, Kligman AM. Staphylococcus aureus in the lesions of atopic dermatitis. Br J
Dermatol. 1974 90(5):525–530. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1974.tb06447.x
(74) Ong PY, Leung DYM. Bacterial and viral infections in atopic dermatitis: A comprehensive review. Clin
Rev Allergy Immunol. 2016 51(3):329–337. doi:10.1007/s12016-016-8548-5
(75) Orfali RL, da Silva Oliveira LM, de Lima JF, et al. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins modulate IL-22-
secreting cells in adults with atopic dermatitis. Sci Rep. 2018 8(1):6665. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25125-0
(76) Lee E, Lee S-Y, Kang M-J, et al. Clostridia in the gut and onset of atopic dermatitis via eosinophilic
inflammation. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016 117(1):91–92.e1. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2016.04.019
(77) Penders J, Thijs C, van den Brandt PA, et al. Gut microbiota composition and development of atopic
manifestations in infancy: the KOALA birth cohort study. Gut. 2007 56(5):661–667. doi:10.1136/
gut.2006.100164
(78) Song H, Yoo Y, Hwang J, Na Y-C, Kim HS. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii subspecies-level dysbiosis in
the human gut microbiome underlying atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 137(3):852–860.
doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.021
(79) Watanabe S, Narisawa Y, Arase S, et al. Differences in fecal microflora between patients with atopic dermatitis
and healthy control subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 111(3):587–591. doi:10.1067/mai.2003.105
(80) Abrahamsson TR, Jakobsson HE, Andersson AF, Björkstén B, Engstrand L, Jenmalm MC. Low diversity
of the gut microbiota in infants with atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 129(2):434–440.e2.
doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.10.025
(81) Rather IA, Bajpai VK, Kumar S, Lim J, Paek WK, Park Y-H. Probiotics and atopic dermatitis: an
overview. Front Microbiol. April 2016 7:507. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00507
(82) West CE, Dzidic M, Prescott SL, Jenmalm MC. Bugging allergy Role of pre-, pro- and Synbiotics in
allergy prevention. Allergol Int. 2017 66(4):529–538. doi:10.1016/j.alit.2017.08.001
(83) Chu Y, Meng Q, Yu J, Zhang J, Chen J, Kang Y. Strain-level dynamics reveal regulatory roles in atopic
eczema by gut bacterial phages. Microbiol Spectr. March 2023 11(2):e0455122. doi:10.1128/spectrum.04551-22
(84) Matsumoto M, Ebata T, Hirooka J, et al. Antipruritic effects of the probiotic strain LKM512 in.adults with
atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014 113(2):209–216.e7. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2014.05.002
(85) Chen Y-J, Lee W-H, Ho HJ, Tseng C-H, Wu C-Y. An altered fecal microbial profiling in rosacea
patients compared to matched controls. J Formos Med Assoc. 2021 120(1 Pt 1):256–264. doi:10.1016/j.
jfma.2020.04.034











































































































































