530 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS Whether or not there are qualitative changes in the keratinous portion of the scales as well, has not yet been decided. REFERENCES (1) Rudall, K. M.,/idvances in Protein Chem., 7, 253 (1952). (2) Matoltsy, A. G., to be published. (3) Ward, W. H., and Lundgren, H. P.,/idvances in Protein Chem., 9, 243 (1954). (4) Flesch, P., and Satanove, A., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 85, 483 (1954). (5) Szakall, A.,/irch. klin. exp. Dermatol., 201, 331 (1955). (6) Mfiting, D., Langhof, H., and Wortmann, V., Z. klin. Med., 152, 495 (1955). (7) Block, R. J., to be published. (8) Giroud, A., and Leblond, C. P.,/Inn. N.Y./Icad. Sci., 53, 613 (1951). (9) Montagna, W., "The Structure and Function of Skin," New York, Academic Press (1956). (10) Van Scott, E. J., and Flesch, P.,/Irch. DermatoL SyphiloL, 70, 141 (1954). (11) Flesch, P., and Esoda, E. J., to be published. (12) Flesch, P., and Satanove, A., Brit. y. DermatoL, 67, 343 (1955). (13) Bern, H. A., Harkness, D. R., and Sidney, S. M., Proc. NatL/Icad. Sci. U.S., 41, 55 (1955). (14) Bern, H. A., Nature, 174, 509 (1954). (15) B•langer, L. F.,/inat. Record, 124, 555 (1956). (16) Leblond, C. P.,/inn. N.Y./Icad. Sci., 53, 464 (1951). (17) Roe, Daphne A., y. Investigational DermatoL, 27, 1 (1956). (18) Cauna, N.,/inat. Record, 119, 449 (1954). (!9) Rothman, S., "Physiology and Biochemistry of the Skin," Chicago, University of Chicago Press (1954). (20) Schmidli, B., and Paschoud, J. M., Dermatologica, 110, 315 (1955). (21) Grfineberg, Th., and Szakall, A.,/irch. klin. exp. DermatoL, 201, 361 (1955). (22) Flesch, P., and Esoda, E. J., Nature, 178, 211 (1956). (23) Paschoud. J. M., Keller, W., and Schmidli, B.,/itch. [. klin. u. exp. DermatoL, 203, 203 (1956'). A NEW METHOD FOR MEASURING THE HARDNESS OF KERATIN* By S^4uEL M. PECK, M.D., and AkrrHUk W. G.cK, M.D. New York 2I, N.Y. B•.asI4:'s (1) observation and that of others (2), that the hardness, pliability or softness of keratin was proportional to its water content has reoriented the thinking of the cosmetic chemist as well as the derma- tologist. We have to approach the formulation of dermatologic prepara- tions intended to soften the skin, that is the keratin, with Blank's findings in mind. Many of the so-called emollients which have been used pre- viously have to be evaluated in their true capacity as water carriers rather * Presented at the October 4, 1956, Seminar, New York City. } Work supported by grant from the Maimstrom Chemical Company.
530 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS Whether or not there are qualitative changes in the keratinous portion of the scales as well, has not yet been decided. REFERENCES (1) Rudall, K. M.,/idvances in Protein Chem., 7, 253 (1952). (2) Matoltsy, A. G., to be published. (3) Ward, W. H., and Lundgren, H. P.,/idvances in Protein Chem., 9, 243 (1954). (4) Flesch, P., and Satanove, A., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 85, 483 (1954). (5) Szakall, A.,/irch. klin. exp. Dermatol., 201, 331 (1955). (6) Mfiting, D., Langhof, H., and Wortmann, V., Z. klin. Med., 152, 495 (1955). (7) Block, R. J., to be published. (8) Giroud, A., and Leblond, C. P.,/Inn. N.Y./Icad. Sci., 53, 613 (1951). (9) Montagna, W., "The Structure and Function of Skin," New York, Academic Press (1956). (10) Van Scott, E. J., and Flesch, P.,/Irch. DermatoL SyphiloL, 70, 141 (1954). (11) Flesch, P., and Esoda, E. J., to be published. (12) Flesch, P., and Satanove, A., Brit. y. DermatoL, 67, 343 (1955). (13) Bern, H. A., Harkness, D. R., and Sidney, S. M., Proc. NatL/Icad. Sci. U.S., 41, 55 (1955). (14) Bern, H. A., Nature, 174, 509 (1954). (15) B•langer, L. F.,/inat. Record, 124, 555 (1956). (16) Leblond, C. P.,/inn. N.Y./Icad. Sci., 53, 464 (1951). (17) Roe, Daphne A., y. Investigational DermatoL, 27, 1 (1956). (18) Cauna, N.,/inat. Record, 119, 449 (1954). (!9) Rothman, S., "Physiology and Biochemistry of the Skin," Chicago, University of Chicago Press (1954). (20) Schmidli, B., and Paschoud, J. M., Dermatologica, 110, 315 (1955). (21) Grfineberg, Th., and Szakall, A.,/irch. klin. exp. DermatoL, 201, 361 (1955). (22) Flesch, P., and Esoda, E. J., Nature, 178, 211 (1956). (23) Paschoud. J. M., Keller, W., and Schmidli, B.,/itch. [. klin. u. exp. DermatoL, 203, 203 (1956'). A NEW METHOD FOR MEASURING THE HARDNESS OF KERATIN* By S^4uEL M. PECK, M.D., and AkrrHUk W. G.cK, M.D. New York 2I, N.Y. B•.asI4:'s (1) observation and that of others (2), that the hardness, pliability or softness of keratin was proportional to its water content has reoriented the thinking of the cosmetic chemist as well as the derma- tologist. We have to approach the formulation of dermatologic prepara- tions intended to soften the skin, that is the keratin, with Blank's findings in mind. Many of the so-called emollients which have been used pre- viously have to be evaluated in their true capacity as water carriers rather * Presented at the October 4, 1956, Seminar, New York City. } Work supported by grant from the Maimstrom Chemical Company.
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