470 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE
As shown in left panel of Figure 19B, the results show a statistically significant decrease
in the number of dark spots by 3.3% on average with respect to initial time after 28
days of treatment. In the images of the volunteer’s cheek area (Figure 19B, right panel),
a decreased appearance of dark spots over time can be seen, thus resulting in a more
homogeneous skin tone.
Figure 18. (A) Upper panel: variation (%)of the wrinkle length in the crow’s feet area obtained after 28
days of product application (*p 0.05 versus initial time, calculated using a paired student’s t test after
checking the normality distribution by a Shapiro-Wilk test). Lower panel: representative images showing
the antiwrinkle effect after 28 days of treatment with active cream. (B) Upper panel: variation (%)of wrinkle
length in the forehead (****p 0.0001 versus initial time low significant 0.05 p 0.1 versus placebo,
calculated using a student’s t test after checking the normality distribution by a Shapiro-Wilk test). Lower
panel: representative images showing the antiwrinkle effect of the crow’s feet area and forehead region after
28 days of treatment with the active cream.

471 DELIVERING SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE WELLBEING
PART 2: RHEOLOGY MODIFIERS
Sustainability of SAA (naturally derived rheology modifier polymer). Synthetic water-soluble and
dispersible polymers play an important role as thickeners, emulsifiers, rheology modifiers,
conditioning agents, and other formulating aids.21 However, their high molecular weights
and complex structures make these polymers difficult to biodegrade. The use of natural
polymers like starch, cellulose, and other polysaccharides has increased in many formulation
ingredients. While biodegradable, their performance has yet to match synthetic materials.
Many carbomers, acrylate powders, and liquid polymers address the 12 principles of green
chemistry in manufacturing, a framework for designing and improving materials, products,
and processes to reduce the impact of chemicals and their synthesis on the environment
and health. SAA, a starch-supported copolymer, has been developed to further improve
sustainability requirements.
Figure 19. (A) Left panel: variation (%)in the skin tone homogeneity obtained after 28 days of product
application (low significant 0.05 p 0.1 versus initial time, calculated using a student’s t test after
checking the normality distribution by a Shapiro-Wilk test). Right panel: representative images showing an
improvement of the skin tone homogeneity after 28 days of treatment with the active cream. (B) Left panel:
variation (%)in the number of dark spots obtained after 28 days of product application (*p 0.05 versus
initial time, calculated using a student’s t-test after checking the normality distribution by a Shapiro-Wilk
test). Right panel: representative images showing a reduction in the number of dark spots after 28 days of
treatment with the active cream.