516 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE
(17) Orth DS, Eck KSD. Preservative efficacy testing of aqueous cosmetics and drugs without counting
colonies. Cosmet Toiletr. 2001 116(4):41-44,46,48.
(18) Fairchild, II EJ. No detectable exposure levels for proven carcinogenic substances. Ann N Y Acad Sci.
1976 271(1):200-207. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb23111.x
(19) Strunk DL. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde, 52 fed. Reg. December 4, 1987 46(168) (codified at
29 C.F.R. § 1910.1048).
(20) Darbre PD, Aljarrah A, Miller WR, Coldham NG, Sauer MJ, Pope GS. Concentrations of parabens in
human breast tumours. J Appl Toxicol. 2004 24(1):5-13. doi:10.1002/jat.958
(21) Nakagawa Y, Moldéus P. Mechanism of p-hydroxybenzoate ester-induced mitochondrial dysfunction
and cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998 55(11):1907-1914. doi:10.1016/
s0006-2952(98)00097-5
(22) Harvey PW, Everett DJ. Significance of the detection of esters of p -hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) in
human breast tumours. J Appl Toxicol. 2004 24(1):1-4. doi:10.1002/jat.957
(23) Goon A, Leow YH, Goh YH. Safety and toxicological properties of preservatives. In: Orth DS, Kabara
JJ, Denyer SP, Tan SK, eds. Cosmetic and Drug Microbiology. Informa Healthcare 2006:153-162.
(24) Cherian P Amended safety assessment of parabens as used in cosmetics. Int J Toxicol. 2020 39(1):5S-97S.
(25) United States Food and Drug Administration. Parabens in Cosmetics, FDA website 2024. Accessed
9/15/2024. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/parabens-cosmetics
(26) United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA Issues Final Rule on Safety and Effectiveness of
Antibacterial Soaps. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (news release. September 2, 2016).
(27) Curry JC. Cosmetic microbiology. 50 years of change. Happi. 1983 8:44-52.
(28) Russell AD. A history of pharmaceutical preservation in the United Kingdom. In: DS Orth Kabara JJ
Denyer SP Tan SK, ed. Cosmetic and Drug Microbiology. Informa Healthcare USA, Inc 2006:23-42.
(29) Fukubayashi T. A history of cosmetic and drug microbiology in Japan. In: DS Orth Kabara JJ Denyer
SP Tan SK, ed. Cosmetic and Drug Microbiology. Informa Healthcare USA, Inc 2006:43-56.
(30) Orth DS. Preservative-free (self-preserving) cosmetics. Insights into cosmetic microbiology. Allured Bus
Media. 2010:147-166.
(31) Orth DS. The keys to successful product preservation, Insights into Cosmetic Microbiology. Allured Bus
Media. 2010:27-110.
(32) Bauman HE. The HACCP concept and microbiological hazard categories. Food Technol. 1974 32(9):31,
32,34,74.
(33) Orth DS. Preservation of Cosmetic Products, Handbook of Cosmetic Microbiology. Marcel Dekker, Inc
1984:75-102.
(34) Orth DS. Introduction. Insights into cosmetic microbiology. Allured Bus Media. 2010.
(35) Brannan DK. The role of packaging in product preservation. In: Kabara JJ, Orth DS, eds. Preservative-
Free and Self-Preserving Cosmetics and Drugs, Principles and Practice. Marcel Dekker, Inc 1997:227-242.
(36) Orth DS. Cosmetic Microbiology: the Future. Handbook of Cosmetic Microbiology. Marcel Dekker, Inc
1984:521-582.
(37) Leistner L, Gorris LGM. Food preservation by hurdle technology. Trends Food Sci Technol. 1995 6(2):41-
46. doi:10.1016/S0924-2244(00)88941-4
(38) Yang E, Fan L, Yan J, et al. Influence of culture media, pH and temperature on growth and
bacteriocin production of bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria. AMB Expr. 2018 8(1):10. doi:10.1186/
s13568-018-0536-0
(39) Enigl DC, Sorrells KM. Water activity and self-preserving formulas. In: Kabara JJ, Orth DS, eds.
Preservative-Free and Self-Preserving Cosmetics and Drugs, Principles and Practice. Marcel Dekker, Inc
1997:45-73.
(40) Yablonski J. Risk factor assessment of anhydrous/atypical cosmetic products. In: Kabara JJ, Orth DS,
eds. Preservative-Free and Self-Preserving Cosmetics and Drugs, Principles and Practice. Marcel Dekker, Inc
1997:133-151.
(17) Orth DS, Eck KSD. Preservative efficacy testing of aqueous cosmetics and drugs without counting
colonies. Cosmet Toiletr. 2001 116(4):41-44,46,48.
(18) Fairchild, II EJ. No detectable exposure levels for proven carcinogenic substances. Ann N Y Acad Sci.
1976 271(1):200-207. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb23111.x
(19) Strunk DL. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde, 52 fed. Reg. December 4, 1987 46(168) (codified at
29 C.F.R. § 1910.1048).
(20) Darbre PD, Aljarrah A, Miller WR, Coldham NG, Sauer MJ, Pope GS. Concentrations of parabens in
human breast tumours. J Appl Toxicol. 2004 24(1):5-13. doi:10.1002/jat.958
(21) Nakagawa Y, Moldéus P. Mechanism of p-hydroxybenzoate ester-induced mitochondrial dysfunction
and cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998 55(11):1907-1914. doi:10.1016/
s0006-2952(98)00097-5
(22) Harvey PW, Everett DJ. Significance of the detection of esters of p -hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) in
human breast tumours. J Appl Toxicol. 2004 24(1):1-4. doi:10.1002/jat.957
(23) Goon A, Leow YH, Goh YH. Safety and toxicological properties of preservatives. In: Orth DS, Kabara
JJ, Denyer SP, Tan SK, eds. Cosmetic and Drug Microbiology. Informa Healthcare 2006:153-162.
(24) Cherian P Amended safety assessment of parabens as used in cosmetics. Int J Toxicol. 2020 39(1):5S-97S.
(25) United States Food and Drug Administration. Parabens in Cosmetics, FDA website 2024. Accessed
9/15/2024. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/parabens-cosmetics
(26) United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA Issues Final Rule on Safety and Effectiveness of
Antibacterial Soaps. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (news release. September 2, 2016).
(27) Curry JC. Cosmetic microbiology. 50 years of change. Happi. 1983 8:44-52.
(28) Russell AD. A history of pharmaceutical preservation in the United Kingdom. In: DS Orth Kabara JJ
Denyer SP Tan SK, ed. Cosmetic and Drug Microbiology. Informa Healthcare USA, Inc 2006:23-42.
(29) Fukubayashi T. A history of cosmetic and drug microbiology in Japan. In: DS Orth Kabara JJ Denyer
SP Tan SK, ed. Cosmetic and Drug Microbiology. Informa Healthcare USA, Inc 2006:43-56.
(30) Orth DS. Preservative-free (self-preserving) cosmetics. Insights into cosmetic microbiology. Allured Bus
Media. 2010:147-166.
(31) Orth DS. The keys to successful product preservation, Insights into Cosmetic Microbiology. Allured Bus
Media. 2010:27-110.
(32) Bauman HE. The HACCP concept and microbiological hazard categories. Food Technol. 1974 32(9):31,
32,34,74.
(33) Orth DS. Preservation of Cosmetic Products, Handbook of Cosmetic Microbiology. Marcel Dekker, Inc
1984:75-102.
(34) Orth DS. Introduction. Insights into cosmetic microbiology. Allured Bus Media. 2010.
(35) Brannan DK. The role of packaging in product preservation. In: Kabara JJ, Orth DS, eds. Preservative-
Free and Self-Preserving Cosmetics and Drugs, Principles and Practice. Marcel Dekker, Inc 1997:227-242.
(36) Orth DS. Cosmetic Microbiology: the Future. Handbook of Cosmetic Microbiology. Marcel Dekker, Inc
1984:521-582.
(37) Leistner L, Gorris LGM. Food preservation by hurdle technology. Trends Food Sci Technol. 1995 6(2):41-
46. doi:10.1016/S0924-2244(00)88941-4
(38) Yang E, Fan L, Yan J, et al. Influence of culture media, pH and temperature on growth and
bacteriocin production of bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria. AMB Expr. 2018 8(1):10. doi:10.1186/
s13568-018-0536-0
(39) Enigl DC, Sorrells KM. Water activity and self-preserving formulas. In: Kabara JJ, Orth DS, eds.
Preservative-Free and Self-Preserving Cosmetics and Drugs, Principles and Practice. Marcel Dekker, Inc
1997:45-73.
(40) Yablonski J. Risk factor assessment of anhydrous/atypical cosmetic products. In: Kabara JJ, Orth DS,
eds. Preservative-Free and Self-Preserving Cosmetics and Drugs, Principles and Practice. Marcel Dekker, Inc
1997:133-151.























































































































































































































