256 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE incorporated as necessary to reflect the unique use characteristics for the in-shower body lotion product form. The following general procedure was followed in all studies con­ ducted. Test products. Protocol development and in-shower body lotion development occurred concurrently, and early clinical tests were conducted with in-shower body lotion pro­ totypes since no products of this form were commercially available. Later tests were conducted with two marketed in-shower body lotion products. These products were formulated to meet different consumer moisturization needs and deposited different levels of petrolatum, the primary skin benefit agent, onto the skin. All studies included a control site, i.e., a site to which no in-shower body lotion was applied after washing. Subject population. Healthy adult females who tended to have dry leg skin were recruited. The target number of subjects to enter treatment was typically between 20 and 40 subjects, depending on study objectives. Study conduct. Subjects underwent a one-week washout using a supplied synthetic deter­ gent bar for showering. Moisturizer application and leg shaving were prohibited. Sub­ jects exhibiting the specified level of dryness entered the treatment phase, which was typically five days in duration. A randomized design was used for testing. The entire leg was washed in a s:ontrolled manner with a personal cleansing product chosen to have minimal impact on dry skin condition under the leg wash procedure-for example, a synthetic detergent bar or a non-moisturizing synthetic detergent body wash. The cleanser was rinsed from the leg and wetting continued for the specified period. Then, with the skin still wet, in-shower body lotion was applied with the fingers for 20 seconds and allowed to remain on the skin for the specified period of time. The treated site was then rinsed and patted dry. Evaluations. Expert visual and instrumental (Corneometer CM 825) assessments of dry skin condition were conducted at baseline and at various times during treatment. Subjects were acclimated under controlled environmental conditions for at least 30 minutes before an evaluation. The expert grader and instrument operators were blind to treatment identities and assignments. In a five-day study short-term treatment effects were judged three hours after the first treatment and three hours after the fifth treat­ ment, the latter typically being the final study visit. Evaluations were also conducted at the start of the second and fifth visits (i.e., before treatment), providing an assessment of 24-hour dry skin improvement efficacy after one and four product uses. This basic evaluation schedule was modified as needed to meet specific study objectives. For example, in some cases evaluations were conducted six hours after the first and fifth treatments, or approximately 24 hours after the fifth treatment. Data analysis. Expert visual and instrumental data were analyzed using mixed model techniques. Models included terms for subject, side, site, side-by-site interaction, and treatment. Baseline values were included as a covariate. Differences between adjusted treatment means were considered statistically different if p 0.05. RESULTS SIIOWERING AND IN-SHOWER BODY LOTION APPLICATION TIMES Habits and practices study data show that the frequency of showering varies widely among female consumers, from more than once daily to less than once weekly (Figure 1).

DRY SKIN BENEFIT FROM IN-SHOWER BODY LOTION 257 However, over half of adult females shower once daily, and this � as chosen as the treatment frequency for the in-shower body lotion use protocol. This study also shows that a high percentage (7 4%) of consumers spend between five and 15 minutes in the shower (Figure 2). Since an in-shower body lotion is applied near the end of the shower, this range represents the period of time an individual's skin is et before the in-shower body lotion is applied. The habits and practices study conducted to establish in-shower body lotion in-use parameters showed that individuals rub the product on their skin for about 20 seconds. Typical residence times, i.e., the amount of time the in-shower body lotion remains on the skin, ranged from 40 to 90 seconds. Finally, typical in-shower body lotion rinse times ranged from 10 to 30 seconds. IN-SHOWER BODY LOTION DOSING The amount of in-shower body lotion consumed during use was quite consistent in the two studies conducted. Per-use consumption was 9.6 ± 0.55 grams (mean± SEM) in the two-week study, 9.8 ± 0.55 grams in the first group of the five-week study, and 10.3 ± 0.44 in the second group of the five-week study. This is the amount of product applied over the surface of the body however, for a controlled application protocol, what is needed is a product dose, i.e., an amount per application area. Consumer feedback from the concept-aided in-home use test shows that nearly 70% of female consumers apply in-shower body lotion to their entire body. Knowing this, adult female body surface area data (13) were used to convert the consumption data to an in-shower body lotion use dose. Data for the 15r\ 50r\ and 85th percentile body surface areas were used to account for body size variation. Additionally, calculations were 60 Cl) 50 E - 40 u Cl) 30 Cl) - - Cl) 20 Cl) 10 0 17 Oto 4 5 to 10 11 to 15 16 Time In Shower (Minutes) Figure 2. Time spent showering based on a study conducted among 1234 representative adult female consumers in the United States. Seventy-four percent of participants spend between five and 15 minutes in the shower.