96 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS hidrosis, as has been known for some time. This is not the place, however, to deal with the effects of systemic administration of attopine and its several undesirable side actions, such as xerostomia, tachycardia and others. The effects of topical application of this drug, as well as of scopolamine were studied by Shelley and Horvath (50). When applied by means of iontophoresis (to the flexor surface of the forearms serving as the test site), scopolamine was found to be most effective as perspiration inhibitor, and atropine was next. Direct application of scopolamine hydrobromide in the form of a 1 per cent aqueous solution for ten minutes reduced sweat- ing markedly for several hours, and kept it at a low level for five days. Higher concentrations produced even more impressive results. However, neither atropine sulfate nor scopolamine hydrobromide were capable of controlling plantar sweating when applied by iontophoresis (51). Here, only formalin, i.e., 37 per cent formaldehyde, was found effective unfor- tunately, formalin can act as an irritant or a sensitizer, or both. At their present state, such findings are of considerable scientific and clinical, but hardly of any immediate cosmetic interest because of the tox- icity of scopolamine and atropine (for the parasympathetic nervous sys- tem) they point, however, to the possibility of local control of excessive perspiration by means of other parasympatholytic agents which would be characterized by low toxicity and an absence of tendency for percutaneous systemic absorption. The newer anticholinergic chemicals Banthine © (beta-diethylamino- ethyl xanthene-9-carboxylate methobromide) and Prantal © (N,N-dimethyl- 4-pyridylidene-l,l-diphenylmethane methylsulfate) have been tested as perspiration inhibitors, with the idea of providing a lower toxicity than shown by atropine and scopolamine (52, 53, 54, 55). Other systemic anti- cholinergics are Pro-Banthine © (beta-diisopropylaminoethyl xanthene-9- carboxylate methobromide), Antrenyl © (diethyl 2-hydroxyethyl methyl ammonium bromophenyl-cyclohexaneglycolate), Darstine © ($-methyl-4- phenyl-l-(1-piperidyl)-3-hexanol methobromide), Pamine © (epoxytropine tropate methyl bromide) and Hydergine © (dehydrogenated ergot alka- loids). While capable of suppressing perspiration in varying degrees, according to Zupko and Prokop (56), also Lubowe (57), Kernen and Brun (58) and Carson and Montgomery (59), all of them can produce disturbing side effects of one kind or another. The topical application of a 2 per cent Prantal cream is the subject of a paper by Parish (60). Brun and Hunziker (61) place the parasympatholytic agents in the following order of activity when applied by iontophoresis: atropine, scopolamine, An- trenyl, Pro-Banthine, Banthine, Prantal, homatropine. Adrenergic sweating involved in the apocrine area is reduced by Diben- amine © (N,N-dibenzyl-beta-chloroethylamine hydrochloride) as shown by Haimovici (62) atropine is without effect here. Sweating induced by

ASPECTS OF ANTIPERSPIRANTS AND DEODORANTS 97 1-adrenaline (applied iontophoretically) was shown by Kernen and Brun (58) to be checked also by Priscoline © (2-benzyl-2-imidazoline hydro- chloride) and Regitine © (2-[N-p-tolyl-N'-m-hydroxyphenylaminomethyl]- imidazoline). Parenthetically speaking, the problem of whether apocrine sweating is excreted solely in response to adrenergic impulses does not appear to have been settled, as of this moment (63, 64). DEODORANTS (WITHOUT ANTIPERSPIRANT ACTION) It appears from the foregoing that, in so far as control of perspiration odors is essentially a matter of controlling the activity of certain skin bacteria, the topical application of suitable antiseptics, particularly to the primary areas of odor-forming secretion, such as the axillary lossac, should reduce or suppress such odors by reducing or suppressing bacterial pro- liferation and biological activity. In this case, any control of the sweat delivery to the surface would not be a factor, except under those conditions •vhere, as, e.g., in the case of benzalkonium chloride, its bacteriostatic effect would be accompanied by an inhibitory action upon the flow of perspiration (for certain electrochemical reasons, as indicated before). Incidentally, the experiments of Blank and Coolidge (65) confirm the retention of bacteria on cutaneous surfaces treated with quaternary ammo- nium compounds, previously observed by Miller, Abrams, Huber and Klein (66), but without the need of assuming the formation of a protective film, as done by the latter authors. While, theoretically speaking, different antiseptics might be suitable for the purpose under consideration, two have received particular attention iri cosmetic deodorant formulations, viz., hexachlorophene, i.e., 2,2'- methylenebis (3,4,6-trichlorophenol), and bithiono!, i.e., 2,2'-thiobis (4,6-dichlorophenol). It would exceed, by far, the scope of this presentation to review the numerous publications, starting with the classical papers by Traub, New- hall and Fuller (67), which deal with the several different aspects of these and other bis-phenols, and their applications, particularly in the "de-germ- ing" of the hands of surgeons and operating room personnel. It is of inter- est, however, that the original utilization of hexachlorophene, v/z., as an antibacterial soap additive which has gained for it its important position in the surgical picture, is also of continuing relevance to its usage in cos- metics. The outstanding quality of the bis-phenols which is at the basis of their deodorant performance is their property of being retained by the skin. Fahlberg, Swan and Seastone (68) found that the presence on the skin of hexachlorophene could be demonstrated two days after three consecutive daily six-minute washes with a liquid soap containing 1 per cent of this