170 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS which flash below 100øF. would be considered flammable those which flash below 300øF. but above 100 ø are combustible. Because pressure regulations differ between flammable and nonflam- mable pressurized products, it is necessary first of all to determine whether or not the product is flammable. For a complete description of the Bureau of Explosives Flame Projection Apparatus, Open Drum Apparatus and Closed Drum Apparatus, write the Bureau of Explosives, 30 Vesey Street, New York 7, New York. A complete summary of pressure regulations for flammable and nonflammable products in self-pressurized containers is given in a recent article (13) by Hamilton, secretary of the Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association, and Campbell, Chief Inspector of the Bureau of Explosives. The test method on flammability tests of self-pressurized containers adopted by the Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association appears in the published proceedings of their thirty-eighth Mid-Year Meeting, dated June, 1952. In February, 1952, the Association of Casualty and Surety Companies issued a bulletin on Pressurized Dispensers stating that accidents reveal four cases of pressurized can failures. 1. Defective construction 2. Overfilling 3. Excessive temperature 4. Corrosion As early as then they reported "the first two causes have been brought under control for the most part by the care that the industry exercises in the manufacture, filling and inspection of pressurized cans." Since then, caution statements on all containers with regard to exposure to excessive temperatures as well as increased attention to corrosion have reduced accidents from these latter causes to an insignificant figure. The Aerosol Safety Record from 1947 to 1953 is reviewed by Brandenberg (14), and with over 240,000,000 aerosol product sales, total accidents re- ported from all causes number about 70. No discussion on formulation would be complete without mention of the patent situation. The first patent pertinent to the aerosol industry, U.S. 2,321,023, (March, 1947), issued to Sullivan and Goodhue and assigned to the Secretary of Agriculture, particularly covers aerosol insec- ticides. This patent has now been dedicated to public use. A patent on shaving cream, U.S. 2,655,480, (November, 1949), issued to Spitzer, Reich and Fine, now assigned to Carter Products, was recently upheld in court and is currently being appealed. This patent covers the use of lather producing compositions in pressure tight containers. Another patent on aerosol products is the artificial snow composition, U.S. 2,659, 704, (November, 1953), issued to Robert J. Kerr, now assigned to Con-

APOCRINE SWEAT IN PRODUCTION OF AXILLARY ODOR 171 tinental Filling. Numerous patents have been granted on valve structures and containers which apply to the aerosol industry. The scarcity of chem- ical composition patents can be ascribed to the fact that the industry only dates back to 1947 and has grown significantly only in the last four years. BIBLIOGRAPHY (1) Beard, Walter C., Jr., "Aerosol Powder Dispensing, Process and Valve Consideration," Proceedings of the Forty-first Annual Meeting of the Chemical Specialties Manufac- turers Assoc., Inc., December 8, 1954. (2) "Aerosol Powders," DuPont Kinetic Technical Memorandum No. 17, October 23, 1954. (3) "Propellents for Low Pressure Cosmetic Aerosols," DuPont Kinetic Technical Memo- randum, December 15, 1954. (4) Johnsen, M. A., "Solubility of Glass Aerosol Compositions," Soap and Chemical Special- ties, 168 (May, 1954). (5) DuPont Kinetic Technical Bulletin B-2. (6) Sandell, E. B., "Colorimetric Determination of Traces of Metals," New York, Intersci- ence Publishers, Inc. (1950) p. 363. (7) Clark, R. E. D., Analyst, 61, 242 (1936): 62, 661 (1937). (8) Farnsworth, M., and Pekola, J., "Determination of Small Amounts of Tin with Dithiol," Anal Chem., 26, 735 (1954). (9) Hoar, T. P., Trans. Faraday Soc., 30, 472 (1934). (10) Mantell, C. L., and King, W. C., Trans. Am. Electrochem. Soc., 52, 435 (1927). (11) Kohman, E. F., and Sanborn, N.H., Ind. Eng. Chem., 20, 1373 (1928). (12) Lueck, R. H., and Blair, H. T., Trans. Am. Electrochem. Soc., 54, 257 (1928). (13) Hamilton, H. W., and Campbell, H. A., "Aerosol Regulations," Soap and Chemical Specialties, 155 (August, 1955). (14) Proceedings of Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Assoc., 40th Mid-Year Meeting, May 25, 1954. THE ROLE OF APOCRINE SWEAT IN THE PRODUCTION OF AXILLARY ODOR* By WALTER, B. SHELLEY, M.D., P•q.D. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. THE SKIN O•' mammals is commonly provided with special glands which produce odoriferous secretions possibly of great significance. Actu- ally we have but a faint appreciation of the role of these glands, since our mediocre olfactory powers permit us but little perception of much of the world of odors. Nevertheless it is known that these cutaneous scent glands have a protective as well as a sexual role (1, 2). Man himself has probably lost much of his antediluvian mammalian odor yet there are vestigial glands to be found in lesser or greater numbers in certain restricted areas of the skin. These are the apocrine sweat glands. They are found in abundance in the axilla. In the absence of * Presented at the September 15-16, 1955, Seminar, New York City.