104 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS amino acids present in perspiration this is said to prevent their attack and decomposition by cutaneous bacteria. The patented compositions cover hydrophilic types of cream containing 15 to 20 per cent of cation-exchange resins, and 10 to 20 per cent of alumi- num phenolsulfonate. While there is reason to believe that a substantial portion of aluminum ions is bound by the resin, Thurmon postulates that such ions are activated by the hydrogen ions in their proximity this is to explain the observed fact that not only is there no decrease, but rather that there is even an increase in the astringent and antiperspirant performance of such combinations. Incidentally, there is no irritant action upon the skin or weakening action upon fabrics. These findings were extended by Ikai (99). Working first with low molec- ular fatty acids (Cx to C6), ammonia and indole, this author determined which of the several ion-exchange resins exhibited the greatest adsorption capacity for the several pure substances listed. Additional in vitro exper- iments were carried out with axillary sweat collected in gauze pads the odoriferous principle was concentrated by ether extraction. While effec- tive deodorant action was produced by certain exchange resins from either the cation or the anion categories, the best results were obtained with cer- tain combinations of resins from both categories. In fact, experiments on fecal matter indicated that complete deodorization was possible with the aid of correctly paired resins. In the first series of experiments performed on human subjects (exhibiting a relatively severe osmidrosis), the exchange resins, in the form of fine powders, were dusted thickly over the axillary area. When a cation or anion resin was used singly, an acid or alkaline type of odor was pro- duced, but not when both types were applied together. The deodorant effect was not lasting, however, owing to the perspiration washing away the powder. Better results were obtained with ointments, emulsions or synthetic gum mucilages in which the paired combination of cation and anion exchange resins were incorporated at the rate of 20 per cent. Some vehicles were found superior to others with the best, a deodorant effect lasting one to three days could be observed provided that no bath was taken during this period. CONCLUDING REMARKS It appears that greater success has attended the cosmetic chemist's efforts to provide suitable means for suppressing underarm odor than for the reduction of the flow of perspiration. The former, being caused mostly by bacterial degradation of secreted apocrine sweat, is subject to control by the antibacterial action of low pH levels, or by antiseptics, or both. (A special position in this picture is held by the ion-exchange

ASPECTS OF ANTIPERSPIRANTS AND DEODORANTS 105 resins which act as adsorbents of malodorous volatile matter, i.e., without antibacterial action.) As to true antiperspirant action, it would seem that because of the limitations imposed by the risks of skin injury or fabric damage or both, originating in the acidity of hydrolyzing aluminum salts, one should not expect any substantial advances in the effectiveness of these means of perspiration control. More exploratory effort appears to be called for in the elucidation and possible cosmetic utilization of the antiperspirant performance of cationic surfactants, also of certain simple electrolytes which seem to act by affect- ing the electrophysiologic potential of the sweat ducts. Another avenue of progress in antiperspirants might be opened up by the discovery and application to cosmetic formulation of suitable and safe pharmacodynamic agents which would be capable of exerting a direct and localized blockage of the biochemical mechanisms activating the secretory apparatus, i.e., without the risk of any systemic involvement. REFERENCES (1) Shelley, W. B., Hurley, H. J., and Nichols, A. C., "Axillary Odor," •lrch. Dermatol. and Syphilol., 68, 430 (1953). (2) Killian, J. A., and Panzarella, F. P., "Comparative Studies of Samples of Perspiration Collected from Clean and Unclean Skin of Human Subjects," Proc. $ci. Sec. Toilet Goods •lssoc., 7, 3 (1947). (3) Shelley, W. B., and Horvath, P.M., "Experimental Miliaria in Man. Production of Sweat Retention Anidrosis and Miliaria Crystallina by Various Kinds of Injury," y. Investigative Dermatol., 14, 9 (1950). (4) Sulzberger, M. B., Zak, F. G., and Herrmann, F., "Studies on Sweating. II. On the Mechanism of Action of Local Antiperspirants," •lrch. Dermatol. and SyphiloL, 60, 404 (1949). (5) Killian, J. A., "Evaluation of In I/itro and In I/ivo Methods of Testing Deodorants, with Particular Reference to Chlorophyll and Its Derivatives," J. Soc. COSMETXC CHEM., 3, 30 (1952). (6) Brun, R., and Manuila, L., "Experiences sur la Transpiration," Dermatologica, 104, 267 (1952). (7) Hurley, H. J., and Shelley, W. B., "Sweat Retention in Man. Experimental Production of Asymptomatic Form," •t. Investigative DermatoL, 22, 379 (1954). (8) Richardson, E. L., and Meigs, B. V., "A Method for Comparative Evaluation of Anti- perspirants," J. Soc. CosMETiC Ci•a., 2, 308 (1951). (9) Hopf, G., "Desodorisierende Massnahmen in der Korperpflege," 5 t. Med. Kos. (1), 6 (1955). (10) Govett, T., and deNavarre, M. G., "Aluminum Chlorhydrate, New Antiperspirant Ingredient," Arm. Perfumer Essent. Oil Rev., 51,365 (1947). (11) Christian, J. E., and Jenkins, G. L., "A Comparison of a New Astringent Agent with Such Agents Now Commonly Used," •t. rim. Pharm. dssoc., $ci. Ed., 39, 663 (1950). (12) Urakame, C., and Christian, J. E., "An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Antiperspirant Preparations Using Frog Membranes and Radioactive Tracer Techniques," Ibid., 42, 179 (1953). (13) Manuila, L., "Traitement medicamenteux local de la transpiration axillaire," Dermato- logica, 100, 304 (1950). (14) Herrmann, F., Prose, P. H., and Sulzberger, M. B., "Studies on Sweating. IV. A New Quantitative Method of Assaying Sweat-Delivery to Circumscribed Areas of the Skin Surface," •t. Investigative Dermatol., 17, 241 (1951). (15) Klarmann, E.G., "The Cosmetic Aspects of Perspiration and It• Control," Arm. Per- fumer Essent. Oil Rev., 52, 33 (1948).